{"id":7009,"date":"2007-06-03T18:26:00","date_gmt":"2007-06-03T18:26:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/?p=7009"},"modified":"2023-07-09T19:44:24","modified_gmt":"2023-07-09T19:44:24","slug":"kaybolan-meslekler-tarihe-karisan-nesneler","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/?p=7009","title":{"rendered":"Kaybolan Meslekler, Tarihe Kar\u0131\u015fan Nesneler"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

“Zihnim kendi zaman\u0131 i\u00e7inde ilerlemeye ihtiya\u00e7 duyar, bir ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n zaman\u0131na boyun e\u011fmez!” -Rousseau.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. Kaybolan Meslekler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sanat\u00e7\u0131lar, yazarlar ve gazetecilerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemin tan\u0131klar\u0131 oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenir. Bu tan\u0131kl\u0131k, sanat\u00e7\u0131 ve yazar\u0131n u\u00e7suz bucaks\u0131z d\u00fc\u015fsel d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda an\u0131, foto\u011fraf ve yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda kal\u0131c\u0131la\u015f\u0131rsa bir anlam kazan\u0131r. Kan\u0131mca sanat\u00e7\u0131lar, yazarlar ve gazeteciler topluma kar\u015f\u0131 sorumlu olduklar\u0131ndan biraz da buna mecburdurlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fcnya \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fcyor. Teknoloji ak\u0131llara durgunluk verecek \u015fekilde geli\u015fiyor, ilerliyor. Al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar, ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imleri, t\u00fcketim kal\u0131plar\u0131 s\u00fcrekli de\u011fi\u015fime zorlan\u0131yor, de\u011fi\u015fiyor. H\u0131zla de\u011fi\u015fen ya\u015fam\u0131n an<\/em>‘lar\u0131n\u0131 yakalay\u0131p gelecek nesillere aktarmak, ancak sanat\u00e7\u0131, yazar ve gazetecilerin bu g\u00f6revi yerine getirmeleri ile m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaybolan, eskiyen meslekleri ve sanatk\u00e2rlar\u0131n\u0131 yak\u0131ndan tan\u0131mak tarihsel ger\u00e7eklik oldu\u011fu kadar, sosyolojik ve psikolojik\/ duygusal zenginliktir. Marx’\u0131n da \u00f6nemle vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, sosyal g\u00fc\u00e7lerin ve bilimsel uygulamalar\u0131n tarihsel de\u011fi\u015fimdeki en \u00f6nemli belirleyicisi ekonomik ko\u015fullard\u0131r. Bu meslek ve nesnelerin kaybolu\u015funun nedeni, ekonomik ko\u015fullar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmesinden kaynaklan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaybolan meslekler i\u00e7in se\u00e7ilen sade mek\u00e2nlar, bu mek\u00e2nlarda d\u00f6k\u00fclen g\u00f6z nuru ve al\u0131nterinin m\u00fcbarekli\u011fiyle harmanlanan yo\u011fun emek, her zaman an\u0131lmaya de\u011ferdir diye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum. D\u00fcn olmadan bug\u00fcn, bug\u00fcn olmadan yar\u0131n var olabilir mi? Ak\u0131l h\u00fcnerinin birer ni\u015fanesi olan bu mesleklere kar\u015f\u0131 nank\u00f6r olmamal\u0131y\u0131z: Zarafet, ince i\u015f\u00e7ilik, dikkat ve titizlik isteyen bu meslekler, bizleri eski zamanlara ba\u011flayan \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli ba\u011flardan biridir. Bu meslekler eski k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn birer birikimidir: \u0130\u00e7lerinde \u00e7ok \u015feyi saklamaktad\u0131rlar. Ama ne yaz\u0131k ki; kaybolan veya kaybolmaya y\u00fcz tutmu\u015f, unutulan bu meslekler kimimizin belle\u011finde tatl\u0131 bir an\u0131, kimimizin de belle\u011finde kayd\u0131 olmayan veya sadece ses duyum yoluyla duyulan bir s\u00f6zc\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bug\u00fcn ta\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, hattatl\u0131k, de\u011firmencilik, \u015ferbet\u00e7ilik, gazozculuk, \u015farap\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, karc\u0131l\u0131k, dokumac\u0131l\u0131k, go\u015fkarl\u0131k, \u00e7\u00f6mlek\u00e7ilik, demircilik, kalayc\u0131l\u0131k, tenekecilik, nal\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, hanc\u0131l\u0131k, nalbantl\u0131k, \u00e7ulculuk, sepet\u00e7ilik gibi meslekler de\u011fi\u015fen ekonomik ko\u015fullar\u0131n bir sonucu olarak seri \u00fcretime, robotlara, makinalara yenik d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Birer birer tarihteki yerlerini ald\u0131 ve al\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uzun s\u00fcre g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyen, duyulmayan, konu\u015fulmayan, dokunulmayan \u015feyler zamanla unutulur, belle\u011fin karanl\u0131k noktalar\u0131nda kal\u0131r. D\u00fcne tak\u0131l\u0131p kalmadan, bu karanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 birazc\u0131k aralamak istiyorum. Sanayi toplumu olman\u0131n, kentle\u015fmenin ve de gelinen teknolojik seviyenin bir sonucu olarak kaybolan veya unutulan baz\u0131 meslekleri az\u0131c\u0131k da olsa -Diyarbak\u0131r’a ba\u011fl\u0131 Ergani ve \u00c7ermik il\u00e7eleri \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde hat\u0131rlayabildi\u011fim kadar\u0131yla- anlatmak, eski havalar\u0131 solumak, sizleri al\u0131p mazilere g\u00f6t\u00fcrmek istiyorum. Ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcze s\u0131\u011f\u0131narak bu i\u015fe baba mesleklerinden ba\u015flamak istiyorum<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"
Y\u0131l: 1969. Cuma \u00dcz\u00fclmez Batman Ulu Cami Minaresi \u00fczerinde yap\u0131m esnas\u0131nda<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ta\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k veya Ta\u015f Yontuculu\u011fu<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130n\u015faatlarda ta\u015f kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman ta\u015flar\u0131 yontan, kesen, s\u00fcsleyen ve \u00fczerine yaz\u0131 yazan ustalara ta\u015f\u00e7\u0131<\/em>, ta\u015f ustas\u0131<\/em>, ta\u015f yontucusu <\/em>denir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ta\u015f yontucular\u0131, ufac\u0131k elleri ve yufka y\u00fcrekleriyle a\u011f\u0131r, \u015fekilsiz, kocaman ta\u015flara bi\u00e7im verirler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ta\u015f yontucusunun ta\u015fa vurdu\u011fu her \u00e7eki\u00e7, ta\u015f\u0131n ruhunu bi\u00e7imlendirir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ta\u015f ocaklar\u0131ndan kaba olarak \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131l\u0131p getirilen ta\u015flar\u0131n kabas\u0131, ta\u015f ustalar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan balyoz ve \u00e7eki\u00e7 yard\u0131m\u0131yla al\u0131n\u0131r. Ta\u015f sert ta\u015fsa g\u00f6nye (cetvel), mur\u00e7 (bir nevi ucu sert b\u00fcy\u00fck demir \u00e7ivi) ve \u00e7eki\u00e7le; yumu\u015fak (\u00f6rne\u011fin Hilvan y\u00f6resinden getirilen yumu\u015fak t\u00fcrden ta\u015f) ise, g\u00f6nye, \u00e7eki\u00e7 ve tarak denilen \u00e7elik a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131 aletlerle d\u00fczg\u00fcn hale getirilir. Gerekirse \u00fczerlerine \u00e7e\u015fitli desenler, yaz\u0131lar yaz\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ta\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar; binalar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda, binalar\u0131n kap\u0131 ve pencere ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131m ve s\u00fcslemesinde, k\u00f6pr\u00fc in\u015faatlar\u0131nda, mezar ta\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131m ve yaz\u0131m\u0131nda aranan ve \u00e7ok de\u011fer verilen ustalard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ta\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131kta en zor \u015feylerden biri kilit ta\u015f\u0131<\/em>n\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131 ve yerine yerle\u015ftirilmesiydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tu\u011fla sanayinin geli\u015fmesi, \u00e7irkin briketlerin yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131m\u0131na ba\u015flanmas\u0131, beton ve beton t\u00fcrevi yap\u0131 malzemelerinin daha kolay uygulanabilmesi ve daha ekonomik olmas\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden bu meslek kaybolmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde say\u0131lar\u0131 \u00e7ok azalm\u0131\u015f olan ta\u015f ustalar\u0131, eski ta\u015f yap\u0131lar\u0131n restorasyon (yenileme) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda, zevk sahibi ki\u015filerin l\u00fcks konut veya i\u015fyerleri yap\u0131mlar\u0131nda ancak aran\u0131r olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Babam, iyi bir yap\u0131 ustas\u0131 oldu\u011fu kadar, iyi bir ta\u015f yontucusuydu: Siirt’e ba\u011fl\u0131 Baykan’da bulunan Veysel Karani Camii, Minare ve T\u00fcrbesi; Ergani, Maden, Dicle’nin Kulbin K\u00f6y\u00fc ve Sivrice’de yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 minareler ta\u015f i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fine g\u00fczel \u00f6rneklerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Veysel Karani T\u00fcrbesi’nin; Kulbin, Maden ve Sivrice minarelerinin yap\u0131m\u0131nda, ta\u015f yontuculu\u011funda kendim de bulundum. Ta\u015f yontuculu\u011funda \u00e7ok iyi bir usta de\u011filim, ama k\u00f6t\u00fc de say\u0131lmam.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"
1969’da ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131m ve in\u015faat\u0131nda bulundu\u011fum Veysel Karani T\u00fcrbesi<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Babam\u0131n amcalar\u0131 Zekerya \u00dcz\u00fclmez ve Bekir \u00dcz\u00fclmez de ta\u015f yontucusuydu. Hopekli Memet, \u00d6mer Kan da yine aranan iyi ustalard\u0131. Hat\u0131rlayamad\u0131klar\u0131m, beni ba\u011f\u0131\u015flas\u0131nlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10 bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce Ta\u015f \u00c7a\u011f\u0131’nda, yani Neolitik D\u00f6nem’de, Ergani \u00c7ay\u00f6n\u00fc’nde ilk k\u00f6y\u00fc kuranlar, ilk evleri yapanlar, ilk kerpici d\u00f6kenler, \u00e7ay ve volkan ta\u015flar\u0131ndan ilk s\u00fcs e\u015fyalar\u0131n\u0131 yapanlar insano\u011fluna yeni ufuklar a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ta\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k daha sonra sanatsal ve t\u00f6rensel yap\u0131lar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir i\u015flev kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Saraylar, tap\u0131naklar, minareler, t\u00fcrbeler, mezar ta\u015flar\u0131 hep onlar\u0131n elleriyle s\u00fcslenmi\u015f veya s\u00fcsledikleri ta\u015flardan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ergani’de; Dicle K\u00f6y Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc binalar\u0131, Ergani-Maden aras\u0131ndaki demiryolu k\u00f6pr\u00fcleri, eski Kaymakaml\u0131k binas\u0131, Camii Kebir (Yukar\u0131 Camii) ta\u015f ustal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fczel \u00f6rneklerini olu\u015ftururlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu yap\u0131larda eskimeyen g\u00fczellikleri seyredebiliriz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ergani-Maden aras\u0131ndaki demiryolu k\u00f6pr\u00fc ve t\u00fcnellerinin yap\u0131m\u0131nda, babam\u0131n amcas\u0131 Zekerya \u00dcz\u00fclmez’in ustas\u0131, ona ta\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6\u011freten Ermeni Haco’nun \u00e7ok eme\u011fi ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Bu yap\u0131lar\u0131n her biri birer tarihi eser niteli\u011findedir. Zekerya \u00dcz\u00fclmez’in anlat\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re bizimkiler ta\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ermenilerden \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hattatl\u0131k<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

”Hat, her ne kadar maddi aletlerle meydana gelirse de o, ruha ait bir hendesedir<\/em>”.-\u00d6klid<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hat<\/em>, Arap\u00e7a \u00e7izgi demektir. “\u0130nce, uzun, do\u011fru yol, bir\u00e7ok noktalar\u0131n birbirine biti\u015ferek s\u0131ralanmas\u0131ndan meydana gelen \u00e7izgi, \u00e7izgiye benzeyen \u015feyler ve yaz\u0131<\/em>” gibi anlamlara gelir. Bu kelime \u00f6zellikle \u0130slam k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnde, yaz\u0131 ve g\u00fczel yaz\u0131 manalar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. H\u00fcsni hat<\/em>, estetik kurallara ba\u011fl\u0131 kalarak, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc ve g\u00fczel yazma sanat\u0131d\u0131r; fakat \u0130slam yaz\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan bir tabirdir. \u0130slam yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fczel yazma ve \u00f6\u011fretme h\u00fcnerine sahip sanatk\u00e2ra hattat<\/em>, bu sanata da hattatl\u0131k <\/em>denilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hat, s\u00f6z\u00fcn veya ruhta cereyan eden fikir ve duygular\u0131n, alfabe ve yaz\u0131 vas\u0131talar\u0131 ile resmedilmesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hat sanat\u0131 <\/em>Arap harflerinin 6. y\u00fczy\u0131l ve 10. y\u00fczy\u0131l aras\u0131nda ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi bir geli\u015fme d\u00f6neminden sonra ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Anadolu halklar\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olduktan ve Arap alfabesini benimsedikten sonra hat sanat\u0131yla ilgilenmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hat sanat\u0131 en parlak d\u00f6nemini Osmanl\u0131lar zaman\u0131nda ya\u015far. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ve 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda da bu parlak d\u00f6nemini s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr, ama 1928 y\u0131l\u0131nda Latin alfabesine ge\u00e7ilmesiyle yayg\u0131n bir sanat olmaktan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p yaln\u0131zca belirli e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131nda \u00f6\u011fretilen geleneksel bir sanat durumuna gelir, unutulan mesleklerden ya da sanatlardan biri olur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hat sanat\u0131nda da yaz\u0131n\u0131n temel arac\u0131 kalemdir. Hat sanat\u0131nda kalem olarak daha \u00e7ok kam\u0131\u015f kullan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Kam\u0131\u015f\u0131n ucu yaz\u0131lacak yaz\u0131n\u0131n kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re makta <\/em>denilen sert maddelerden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f altl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnde e\u011fik olarak tutulur ve kalemt\u0131ra\u015f olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan \u00f6zel bir b\u0131\u00e7akla yontulurdu. Cel\u00ee <\/em>yaz\u0131lar ise a\u011fa\u00e7tan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kal\u0131n u\u00e7lu kalemlerle yaz\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. \u00c7ok ince yaz\u0131lar i\u00e7in madeni u\u00e7lar da kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hat sanat\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan m\u00fcrekkep de \u00f6zel olarak haz\u0131rlan\u0131rd\u0131. Ya\u011fl\u0131 isin \u00e7e\u015fitli katk\u0131 maddeleriyle kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla elde edilen bu m\u00fcrekkep ak\u0131c\u0131 bi\u00e7imde yaz\u0131 yazmay\u0131 sa\u011flar, yanl\u0131\u015f yazma durumunda da kolayca silinirdi. Hat sanat\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan k\u00e2\u011f\u0131tlar da \u00f6zeldi. M\u00fcrekkebi emip da\u011f\u0131tmamas\u0131, kaleme ak\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k sa\u011flamas\u0131 i\u00e7in k\u00e2\u011f\u0131tlar \u00e2har <\/em>denilen bir maddeyle saydamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"
Babam Cuma \u00dcz\u00fclmez’in yaz\u0131lar\u0131ndan biri<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hattatlar, y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyu usta-\u00e7\u0131rak ili\u015fkisi i\u00e7inde yeti\u015fmi\u015flerdir. Hat sanat\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmeye heveslenen ki\u015fi bir hattattan ders al\u0131rd\u0131. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma niteli\u011finde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara dayanan ve me\u015fk <\/em>ad\u0131 verilen bu dersler tek tek harflerin yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6\u011frenilmesiyle ba\u015flar, harflerin birle\u015fme bi\u00e7imleriyle, s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerin ve t\u00fcmcelerin yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015f tarzlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6\u011frenilmesiyle s\u00fcrerdi. Ortalama \u00fc\u00e7 be\u015f y\u0131l kadar s\u00fcren bu e\u011fitimin sonunda hattat aday\u0131 iki ya da \u00fc\u00e7 hattat\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde yaz\u0131 yazarak bir \u00e7e\u015fit s\u0131nav verirdi. Hattatlar bu yaz\u0131y\u0131 be\u011fenirlerse alt\u0131na imzalar\u0131n\u0131 koyarlard\u0131. Buna, ba\u015far\u0131 ya da izin belgesi anlam\u0131na gelen icazetname <\/em>ad\u0131 verilirdi. \u0130cazetname almam\u0131\u015f ki\u015fi hattat say\u0131lmaz, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir yaz\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131na ad\u0131n\u0131 koyamazd\u0131. (Kaynak: Dr. Hatice Aksu, www.osmanli.org.tr)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hattatlar sanatlar\u0131n\u0131 daha \u00e7ok \u015fahlar\u0131n, sultanlar\u0131n, padi\u015fahlar\u0131n, beylerin, pa\u015falar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131, saray ve camilerin bol oldu\u011fu \u0130stanbul, Ba\u011fdat gibi \u015fehirlerde icra ederlerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar resme s\u0131cak bakmad\u0131klar\u0131ndan, dahas\u0131 mekruh <\/em>sayd\u0131klar\u0131ndan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar aras\u0131nda resim ve heykel sanat\u0131 geli\u015fmemi\u015ftir. Bunlar\u0131n yerine \u0130ran’da minyat\u00fcr<\/em>, Osmanl\u0131’da hat sanat\u0131 geli\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diyarbak\u0131r’da hat sanat\u0131yla ilgilenenler olmu\u015ftur, ama Ergani’de hat sanat\u0131yla ilgilenen olmu\u015f mudur? Bilmiyorum. Rahmetli babam\u0131n porselen taba\u011fa m\u00fcrekkep d\u00f6k\u00fcp, bizden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 defterlere hat t\u00fcr\u00fcnde Arap\u00e7a yaz\u0131lar yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bununla birlikte \u00fcnl\u00fc hattatlar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n benzerlerini resmetti\u011fini de \u00e7ok iyi hat\u0131rl\u0131yorum. Ayr\u0131ca yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 cami, minare ve evlerin kap\u0131 ba\u015flar\u0131na konulacak olan ta\u015flara Besmele <\/em>ve benzeri yaz\u0131lar\u0131 hat t\u00fcr\u00fcnde yazar, sonra bu ta\u015flar\u0131 ince mur\u00e7 ve \u00e7elik a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131 kalemle yontarak yaz\u0131lar\u0131n kabartmas\u0131n\u0131 yapard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bildi\u011fim kadar\u0131yla Diyarbak\u0131r b\u00f6lgesinde yeti\u015fen hattatlar ve de hattatl\u0131kla ilgili bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun nedenini bilmemekle birlikte; Latin harflerinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, Osmanl\u0131ca ve Arap\u00e7a bilenlerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n azl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve hat sanat\u0131n\u0131n eskisi gibi ra\u011fbet g\u00f6rmemesi gibi etmenlerin bu konuda rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"
Cuma \u00dcz\u00fclmez’in g\u00fczel bir hatt\u0131 \u00f6rnek al\u0131p yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir Besmele \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Diyarbak\u0131rl\u0131 hattatlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 Ali Alpaslan’\u0131n F\u0131rat Havzas\u0131nda Yeti\u015fen Hattatlar<\/strong> ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 sunum yaz\u0131s\u0131ndan yararlanarak tarih s\u0131ralamas\u0131na g\u00f6re yazmak istiyorum:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Seyyid K\u00e2s\u0131m Gub\u00e2r\u00ee (\u00d6l\u00fcm: 1625)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Seyyid K\u00e2s\u0131m Gub\u00e2r\u00ee, Diyarbak\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. \u015eerif Abdullah’tan Akl\u00e2m-\u0131 sitte<\/em>‘yi \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015ftir. \u00c7ok ince yaz\u0131lar yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Gub\u00e2r\u00ee <\/em>mahlas\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Gub\u00e2r\u00ee, toza mensup demektir. Hat sanat\u0131nda ise son derece ince olarak yaz\u0131lan yaz\u0131lara verilen add\u0131r. Rivayete g\u00f6re bir pirin\u00e7 tanesinin \u00fczerine \u0130hl\u00e2s <\/em>s\u00fcresini yazacak kadar maharet g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Bilindi\u011fi gibi \u0130hl\u00e2s s\u00fcresi 4 ayet ve 15 kelimeden ibarettir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gub\u00e2r\u00ee, Medreselerde hocal\u0131k yapman\u0131n yan\u0131nda, Ahmet Camii’ni s\u00fcsleyen Cel\u00ee<\/em>, yani iri yaz\u0131lar da yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (\u0130n\u015fa tarihi: 1616). Yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda, daha do\u011frusu harflerinde metin ve azametli bir duru\u015f mevcuttur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Seyyid K\u00e2s\u0131m Gub\u00e2r\u00ee, Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde Cel\u00ee yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesinde \u00f6nemli bir rol oynayan hattat\u0131m\u0131zdan biridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Seyyid Adem (1987’de hayatta idi)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Seyyid Adem, Diyarbak\u0131rl\u0131 olup, Akl\u00e2m-\u0131 sitte <\/em>ve Nesta’lik <\/em>ad\u0131ndaki yaz\u0131lar\u0131 Diyarbak\u0131r’\u0131n mahall\u00ee hattatlar\u0131ndan biri olan H\u00e2f\u0131z Bulak \u00d6zbek’ten me\u015fketmi\u015f ve ic\u00e2zetn\u00e2me alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaside-i b\u00fcrde<\/em>‘yi 50 alt\u0131na yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 rivayet edilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Seyyid Adem ayn\u0131 zamanda b\u00fcy\u00fck hattat H\u00e2mid Ayta\u00e7’\u0131n dedesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e2mid Ayta\u00e7 (1891-1982)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e2mid Ayta\u00e7, b\u00f6lgemizde yeti\u015fen hattatlar\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve en me\u015fhurudur. 1891’de Diyarbak\u0131r’da Uluc\u00e2m\u0131 \u0130m\u00e2diye Mahallesi’nde do\u011fdu. As\u0131l ad\u0131 M\u00fbs\u00e2 Azmi’dir. Babas\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131 Z\u00fclfikar, anas\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131 M\u00fcnteh\u00e2’d\u0131r. Hattat Seyyid Adem’in torunudur.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"
H\u00e2mid Ayta\u00e7’\u0131n bir eseri: \u0130stanbul \u015ei\u015fli Camii’nin kap\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerinde M\u00fcsenne tarz\u0131nda yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir kitabe \u00f6rne\u011fi.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

M\u00fbs\u00e2 Azmi, ilk \u00f6\u011frenimini Diyarbak\u0131r’da S\u0131byan mektebinde (yani ilkokulda) tamamlad\u0131. \u0130lk\u00f6\u011freniminden sonra Diyarbak\u0131r Askeri R\u00fc\u015ftiyesi’ne (ortaokula) kaydoldu. Daha okul s\u0131ralar\u0131ndayken mahalli hattatlardan dersler ald\u0131. Resim hocas\u0131 Y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131 Hilmi Bey’den S\u00fcl\u00fcs <\/em>yaz\u0131s\u0131, V\u00e2hid Efendi’den R\u0131k’a <\/em>me\u015fkederek yaz\u0131 sanat\u0131nda bilgisini geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Yine R\u00fc\u015ftiye’de Esad Efendi ve Jandarma Kola\u011fas\u0131 Ahmet Hilmi Efendi’den yaz\u0131 dersleri ald\u0131. Ama yaz\u0131ya merak\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden okulda s\u0131n\u0131fta kal\u0131nca, babas\u0131 yaz\u0131yla u\u011fra\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 yasaklad\u0131. Ama, hat sanat\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7inde b\u00fcy\u00fck heves beslemesi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden, babas\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n yaz\u0131 yazmaktan vazge\u00e7medi. O s\u0131rada, Sultan II. Abd\u00fclhamid’in tahta \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fc nedeniyle beyaz bir bez \u00fczerine “Padi\u015fah\u0131m \u00c7ok Ya\u015fa<\/em>” yaz\u0131s\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131p Diyarbak\u0131r’da meydana as\u0131lacak ve geceleri arkadan lamba ile ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Gen\u00e7 M\u00fbs\u00e2 Azmi, bu yaz\u0131y\u0131 yazan hocas\u0131na yard\u0131m eder ve dahas\u0131 Abd\u00fclhamid’in tu\u011fras\u0131n\u0131 resmeder. Belediyede memur olan amcazadesi bunu \u00f6\u011frenir ve ilgilenir. Durumu ilgililere anlat\u0131r, bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak Belediye taraf\u0131ndan kendisine bir alt\u0131n lira hediye verilir. Bu hediye kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00e7ok sevinir, bu olay\u0131 babas\u0131na anlat\u0131r. Bunun \u00fczerine babas\u0131 yeniden yaz\u0131 yazmas\u0131na izin verir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130d\u00e2d\u00ee’yi (liseyi) bitirdikten sonra, 1906’da babas\u0131n\u0131n iznini alarak \u0130stanbul’a gitti. Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesi’ne yaz\u0131ld\u0131. Co\u011frafya hocas\u0131 Cizreliz\u00e2de Mithat Be\u011f’in \u0131srar\u0131 \u00fczerine Sanayi-i Nef\u0131sa’ya (Bug\u00fcn Mimar Sinan \u00dcniversitesi’ne ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r) ge\u00e7ti. 1908’de babas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak zorunda kalmas\u0131 nedeniyle bu okuldan ayr\u0131ld\u0131. R\u00fcsum\u00e2t ve Erk\u00e2n-\u0131 Harbiye matbaalar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erk\u00e2n-\u0131 Harbiye Matbaas\u0131’nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken bu matbaan\u0131n \u00fcnl\u00fc hattat\u0131 Hac\u0131 Nazif Bey’den az da olsa istifade etme imk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131 buldu. Kendisinden S\u00fcl\u00fcs <\/em>ve Nesih <\/em>yaz\u0131 yazma dersleri ald\u0131. Sonralar\u0131 Nuruosm\u00e2niye civar\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir yaz\u0131 d\u00fckk\u00e2n\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131. 1920’de serbest \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce H\u00e2mid <\/em>mahlas\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131. Bu tarihten itibaren hep H\u00e2mid ad\u0131n\u0131 kulland\u0131. Bab\u0131\u00e2li Caddesi’nde Re\u015fit Efendi Han\u0131’nda a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fckk\u00e2nda\/ yaz\u0131evinde, 1920 y\u0131l\u0131ndan 1981 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar yaz\u0131 yazmakla me\u015fgul oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

19 May\u0131s 1982’de \u0130stanbul’da vefat etti. Karacaahmet Mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131’nda hat sanat\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nderi say\u0131lan \u015eeyh Hamdullah’\u0131n mezar\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131n\u0131nda bir yere defnedildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6mr\u00fcn\u00fcn yetmi\u015f y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 hat sanat\u0131na veren H\u00e2mid Ayta\u00e7, ard\u0131nda say\u0131s\u0131z eserler b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Eserlerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu \u0130stanbul’da, bir k\u0131sm\u0131 da T\u00fcrkiye’nin de\u011fi\u015fik yerlerindeki tarih\u00ee binalar\u0131n \u00fczerindedir. \u0130stanbul’da \u015ei\u015fli Camii’nin yaz\u0131lar\u0131, Ey\u00fcp Camii’nin kubbe yaz\u0131lar\u0131, S\u00f6\u011f\u00fctl\u00fc \u00c7e\u015fme Camii kap\u0131 ba\u015flar\u0131ndaki yaz\u0131lar, Pa\u015fabah\u00e7e Camii’nin yaz\u0131lar\u0131, Kas\u0131mpa\u015fa Camii’nin yaz\u0131lar\u0131; \u00c7anakkale’de \u00c7an Camii, Denizli’de Tavas Camii’nin yaz\u0131lar\u0131 eserlerinden birka\u00e7\u0131d\u0131r. Hattat\u0131n ayr\u0131ca iki Kur’\u00e2n <\/em>yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 da bilinmektedir. (Kaynak: F\u0131rat Havzas\u0131 Yazma Eserler Sempozyumu, Bildiriler, Edit\u00f6r: Tuncer G\u00fclensoy, 5-6 May\u0131s 1986, Elaz\u0131\u011f, s. 75-81<\/em>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

De\u011firmencilik<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

“\u0130nsan sadece ekmekle ya\u015fayamaz, ama her \u015feyden \u00f6nce ekmekle ya\u015far<\/em>” –M. Malinowski<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu\u011fday, arpa, m\u0131s\u0131r, dar\u0131 gibi tah\u0131llar\u0131n \u00f6\u011f\u00fct\u00fclerek un haline getirildi\u011fi yerlere de\u011firmen<\/em>, bu gibi yerleri i\u015fleten veya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ranlara da de\u011firmenci <\/em>denir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

De\u011firmencilik d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en eski ve hayat\u00ee mesleklerinden biridir, ama bug\u00fcn yok olan mesleklerin ba\u015f\u0131nda gelmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7ay\u00f6n\u00fc’nde yap\u0131lan arkeolojik kaz\u0131lar sonucu ele ge\u00e7en buluntular aras\u0131nda, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczden yakla\u015f\u0131k 10.000 y\u0131l \u00f6nce kullan\u0131lan, el de\u011firmenlerinin ilk modelleri olan havan eller de yer al\u0131r. Bulunan bu bazalt \u00f6\u011f\u00fctme ta\u015flar\u0131, de\u011firmencili\u011fin bilinen ilk \u00f6rne\u011fidir. \u00c7ay\u00f6n\u00fc insanlar\u0131, tah\u0131llar\u0131 bazalt ta\u015flar\u0131 \u00fczerinde \u00f6\u011f\u00fctmek suretiyle un haline getiriyorlard\u0131. Bu de\u011firmenlerin daha geli\u015fmi\u015f hali olan El De\u011firmenleri <\/em>yak\u0131n zamana kadar kullan\u0131lmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

El de\u011firmenleri ortalama 50 cm. \u00e7ap\u0131nda, 15 cm. y\u00fcksekli\u011finde, yuvarlak, \u00fcst \u00fcste iki sert ta\u015ftan olu\u015fur. Alttaki ta\u015f\u0131n tam ortas\u0131nda d\u00f6k\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f kur\u015funla tutturulmu\u015f \u00e7elik bir mil bulunur. \u00dcsteki ta\u015f\u0131n ise ortas\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k 7-8 cm. \u00e7ap\u0131nda oyulmu\u015f bir bo\u015fluk olur. Ayr\u0131ca \u00fcst ta\u015f\u0131n \u00fczerinde yine d\u00f6k\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f kur\u015funla tutturulmu\u015f \u00e7elik bir \u00e7evirme kolu bulunur. El de\u011firmeni \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 zaman, \u00fcste gelecek ta\u015f\u0131n oyuk deli\u011fi alttaki ta\u015f\u0131n miline ge\u00e7ecek \u015fekilde de\u011firmen ta\u015flar\u0131 \u00fcst \u00fcste konulur. Alt ta\u015f sabit kal\u0131r, \u00fcsteki ta\u015f \u00e7evirme kolu sayesinde alttaki ta\u015f\u0131n \u00fczerinde yatay olarak \u00e7evrilir. Bu \u00e7evirme esnas\u0131nda \u00fcsteki ta\u015f\u0131n ortas\u0131ndaki bo\u015fluktan ne \u00f6\u011f\u00fct\u00fclecekse yava\u015f yava\u015f elle d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcr. Kolla birli, ikili ve hatta \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc de\u011firmen \u00e7evrilir. \u0130ki ta\u015f\u0131n aras\u0131ndan \u00f6\u011f\u00fct\u00fclen \u015fey \u00f6\u011f\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f haliyle \u00e7\u0131kar. Bu tip de\u011firmenlerde genellikle pilavl\u0131k bulgur, i\u00e7li k\u00f6fte ve \u00e7i\u011f k\u00f6fte bulguru, yarma, mercimek \u00f6\u011f\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcrd\u00fc. \u00d6\u011f\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f bulgurun unundan da lapa yap\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"
\u00c7ay\u00f6n\u00fc’de bulunan bazalt \u00f6\u011f\u00fctme (havan el) ta\u015f\u0131. Foto: Mehmet \u00d6zdo\u011fan<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

De\u011firmenler eskiden insan g\u00fcc\u00fcnden, hayvan g\u00fcc\u00fcnden, su ve r\u00fczg\u00e2r g\u00fcc\u00fcnden yararlan\u0131larak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. \u015eimdi eskisi gibi de\u011firmenler yok; var olanlar da elektrik enerjisiyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. De\u011firmenlerin yerini un fabrikalar\u0131 ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

De\u011firmenlerde tah\u0131llar de\u011firmen ta\u015flar\u0131nda \u00f6\u011f\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcr. De\u011firmen ta\u015flar\u0131 yuvarlak olup iki tanedir. Altta olan sabittir. Di\u011feri sabit olan\u0131n \u00fczerinde yatay d\u00fczlemde d\u00f6ner. Tah\u0131l d\u00f6nen ta\u015f\u0131n ortas\u0131ndaki bir delikten, sabit ta\u015f\u0131n merkezinden d\u0131\u015far\u0131 do\u011fru uzanan oluklara beslenir. Oluklardan, ta\u015f\u0131n d\u00fczg\u00fcn y\u00fczeyli \u00f6\u011f\u00fctme b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne aktar\u0131lan tah\u0131l burada un haline getirilir. De\u011firmen ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131n y\u0131pranan oluklar\u0131 zaman zaman \u00e7elik taraklarla yeniden derinle\u015ftirilir ve \u00f6\u011f\u00fctme b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn p\u00fcr\u00fczlenen y\u00fczeyi d\u00fczle\u015ftirilir. Tah\u0131llar genellikle y\u00fck hayvanlar\u0131yla de\u011firmene g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcrd\u00fc, bazen de insanlar \u00f6\u011f\u00fct\u00fclecek tah\u0131l\u0131 s\u0131rtlar\u0131nda g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcrlerdi. \u00c7ok sonralar\u0131 trakt\u00f6r ve benzeri motorlu ta\u015f\u0131tlardan da yararlan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"
\u00c7ay\u00f6n\u00fc insan\u0131n\u0131n bazalt \u00f6\u011f\u00fctme ta\u015f\u0131nda tah\u0131l \u00f6\u011f\u00fct\u00fcrkenki temsili resmi.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Ergani’de daha yak\u0131n zamanlara kadar \u00e7ok say\u0131da de\u011firmen vard\u0131. Bu de\u011firmenler genellikle Bo\u011faz \u00e7ay\u0131 ve Hersin \u00e7ay\u0131 \u00fczerinde su ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan de\u011firmenlerdi. Ergani merkezinde Eski Diyarbak\u0131r yolu ile Dicle yolunun birle\u015fti\u011fi kav\u015fakta bulunan, elektrik enerjisiyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir de\u011firmen de vard\u0131. \u00c7ok yak\u0131n d\u00f6neme kadar bu de\u011firmen \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r durumdayd\u0131. Bu de\u011firmeni Z\u00fclfi Kaya ve karde\u015fleri \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rd\u0131 Ben, hem Hersin \u00c7ay\u0131 \u00fczerindeki de\u011firmene ve hem de Ergani merkezinde bulunan de\u011firmene defalarca e\u015fekle bu\u011fday g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcp \u00f6\u011f\u00fctm\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmd\u00fcr. De\u011firmenler bug\u00fcn yok olsalar dahi, eski halleriyle bir\u00e7ok insan\u0131n an\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 halen s\u00fcsledi\u011fine inan\u0131yorum. Unutamad\u0131\u011f\u0131m \u015feylerden bir de de\u011firmen \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, de\u011firmencilerin sa\u00e7 ve ba\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n, ka\u015f ve kirpiklerinin, el ve ayaklar\u0131n\u0131n, elbiselerinin un i\u00e7inde kal\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ve b\u00f6ylece de\u011firmencilerin undan adam olu\u015flar\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

De\u011firmenler, insanlar i\u00e7in en b\u00fcy\u00fck nimet olan ekme\u011fin hammaddesi unun elde edildi\u011fi yerler oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, m\u00fcbarek yerlerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orak\u00e7\u0131 ve T\u0131rpanc\u0131 <\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orak<\/em>, ekin ve ot bi\u00e7mede kullan\u0131lan, yar\u0131 \u00e7ember bi\u00e7iminde, yass\u0131, ensiz keskin a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131 bir b\u0131\u00e7ak ve bu b\u0131\u00e7a\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 bir saptan olu\u015fan bir tar\u0131m arac\u0131d\u0131r. Ora\u011f\u0131 kullanana, orakla ot, arpa, bu\u011fday gibi tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini bi\u00e7enlere orak\u00e7\u0131 <\/em>denir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u0131rpan <\/em>ise, uzun bir sap\u0131n ucuna tutturulan, ot, arpa, bu\u011fday gibi ekinleri bi\u00e7meye yarayan hafif\u00e7e k\u0131vr\u0131k, uzun \u00e7elik bir b\u0131\u00e7akt\u0131r. T\u0131rpan sallayanlara, t\u0131rpan atanlara, yani t\u0131rpanla ot, arpa, bu\u011fday gibi tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini bi\u00e7enlere de t\u0131rpanc\u0131 <\/em>denir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orak kullan\u0131m\u0131 \u00e7ok eskidir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczden 10 bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce \u00c7ay\u00f6n\u00fc insanlar\u0131 ora\u011f\u0131 kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ot saplar\u0131n\u0131 ve bu\u011fday saplar\u0131n\u0131 kesmek i\u00e7in kaburga kemi\u011fi i\u00e7ersine \u00f6zenle yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f \u00e7akmakta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zel bir bi\u00e7imde tutturulmu\u015f olmalar\u0131, bunlar\u0131n ora\u011f\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015flere benzer i\u015flerde kullan\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tlar. Hayvanlar\u0131n \u00e7ene kemiklerine \u00e7akmakta\u015flar\u0131 yerle\u015ftirilerek de orak yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7ay\u00f6n\u00fc’nde yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131larda 6 adet boynuzdan orak, 1 adet \u00e7akmak ta\u015f\u0131ndan orak ta\u015f\u0131, 5 adet boynuzdan orak sap\u0131 bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6ylesine \u00e7ok uzun y\u0131llar k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin, \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin tarlas\u0131nda, ba\u011f\u0131nda ve bah\u00e7esinde kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 orak ve t\u0131rpan, insan g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn yerini makinelerin almas\u0131 sonucu art\u0131k tarihe kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Emek ve zahmet gerektiren orak bi\u00e7me ve t\u0131rpan sallama, \u00e7ok az zamanda \u00e7ok i\u015f yapan trakt\u00f6r, bi\u00e7erd\u00f6ver ve ot bi\u00e7me makinesi benzeri modern tar\u0131m ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n tar\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanmas\u0131yla yenik d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc: Orak\u00e7\u0131 ve t\u0131rpanc\u0131lar i\u015fsiz kald\u0131. \u00dcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmesi, \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinin de\u011fi\u015fmesini beraberinde getiriyor. B\u00f6ylece kapitalist \u00fcretim bi\u00e7imi b\u00f6lgemizde ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak tar\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde de giderek egemen oluyor. “Beslenecek a\u011f\u0131z artt\u0131k\u00e7a, ekecek el de \u00e7o\u011fal\u0131r<\/em>“, ama ekilecek toprak bulunmuyor. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7, k\u00f6yden kente g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc ve beraberinde i\u015fsizlik ve yoksullu\u011fu getiriyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015earap\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

i\u00e7ki \u00fcz\u00fcmden
a\u015fk y\u00fcrekten dam\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r\u2026<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015earab\u0131n tarihi \u00e7ok eskidir. Ta, Nuh Peygamber’e kadar gider. Derler ki, Nuh Peygamber bir g\u00fcn ke\u00e7isinin \u00e7ok ne\u015feli d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Bu hal g\u00fcnlerce devam edince, ke\u00e7inin pe\u015finden gider. Durumun, ke\u00e7inin yedi\u011fi \u00fcz\u00fcm denen bir meyveden kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffeder. Meyveyi tadan Nuh Nebi, hayat\u0131 pespembe g\u00f6steren \u00fcz\u00fcm suyunun m\u00fcptelas\u0131 olur. Ne var ki; Nuh’u mutlu g\u00f6ren \u015feytan onun ne\u015fesini k\u0131skan\u0131r, alevli nefesi ile asmalar\u0131 kurutur. Nuh \u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcnden yataklara d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, \u015feytan insafa gelir. Asmalar\u0131 canland\u0131racakt\u0131r, ama bir ko\u015fulu vard\u0131r. Asma, Nuh’un hayvanlar\u0131ndan yedi tanesinin kan\u0131yla sulanacakt\u0131r. Aslan, kaplan, k\u00f6pek, ay\u0131, horoz, saksa\u011fan ve tilki kurban olarak se\u00e7ilir. A\u00e7\u0131lan \u00fcz\u00fcm k\u00f6k\u00fc, bu kan kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131yla sulan\u0131r. Ve \u00fcz\u00fcm bir y\u0131l sonra tekrar canlanarak meyve vermeye ba\u015flar. Derler ki; \u015farapla sarho\u015f olan kimsenin aslan gibi cesur, kaplan gibi y\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131, ay\u0131 gibi kuvvetli, k\u00f6pek kadar kavgac\u0131, horoz gibi g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcc\u00fc, tilki gibi kurnaz, saksa\u011fan gibi geveze olmas\u0131 bundand\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diyarbak\u0131r ve \u00e7evresinde \u015farap\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n tarihi \u00e7ok eskidir. Tarih\u00ee belge ve kitaplar b\u00f6yle s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Ergani’de:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yavuz Sultan Selim ve Kanun\u00ee Sultan S\u00fcleyman d\u00f6nemlerinde ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lan Ergani Sanca\u011f\u0131 Kanunn\u00e2me<\/strong>‘lerinde bile \u015farap sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131na ili\u015fkin yasal d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u015e\u00f6yle ki:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Ergani re’\u00e2y\u00e2s\u0131 ba\u011flar\u0131ndan elde ettikleri \u015far\u00e2blar\u0131 y\u00fckleyip satma\u011fa g\u00f6t\u00fcrse, at ve kat\u0131r y\u00fck\u00fcnden iki Hasanbe\u011f\u00ee vergi al\u0131n\u0131r ve merkep (e\u015fek) y\u00fck\u00fcnden bir Hasanbe\u011f\u00ee ki, her y\u00fck\u00fcnden iki Osman ak\u00e7esi olur<\/em>” diye, ferman buyrulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Evliya \u00c7elebi me\u015fhur Seyahatn\u00e2mesi’nde; “Ergani \u00fcz\u00fcm\u00fc ve \u015f\u0131ras\u0131 gayet me\u015fhurdur<\/em>” diye yazmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1612 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ergani ve Diyarbak\u0131r’a gelen Ermeni Seyyah T\u0131b\u0131r Simeon, seyahatnamesinde; “ikram edilen koyu ve tatl\u0131 Ergani \u015farab\u0131ndan bir bardaktan fazla i\u00e7emezsiniz. Ger\u00e7ekte T\u00fcrkiye’de \u00fc\u00e7 cins \u015farap, Bulduk, Ankara, ve Ergani \u015faraplar\u0131 ge\u00e7erlidir<\/em>” diye yazmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Co\u011frafyac\u0131 ve din adam\u0131 Ermeni Rahip \u011eugas \u0130nciciyan, 1808’de haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 11 ciltlik D\u00fcnya Co\u011frafyas\u0131’nda; “Ar\u011f\u0131ni’nin \u00e7ok verimli ba\u011flar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Bir ba\u011f k\u00fct\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir y\u00fck \u00fcz\u00fcm verir, bazen de daha fazlas\u0131. Bir salk\u0131m 2 ve de 3 oka \u00e7eker. \u015earab\u0131 siyah olup bol ve se\u00e7kindir. Kilden kaplarda saklarlar ve buradan \u00e7evre y\u00f6relere, \u00f6zellikle Amit’e g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcrler. Ar\u011f\u0131ni’nin i\u00e7inde okkas\u0131 4 paraya sat\u0131l\u0131r<\/em>” diye yazmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hem\u015ferimiz \u015eerafettin G\u00fcneli ise, B\u00fct\u00fcn Y\u00f6nleriyle: Ergani adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda; “Eskiden \u015farabi \u00fcz\u00fcm ba\u011flar\u0131 \u00e7ok oldu\u011fundan \u00e7ok nefis \u015faraplar yap\u0131l\u0131rm\u0131\u015f. Rivayet edildi\u011fine g\u00f6re senede 7000 okka \u015farap kat\u0131rlarla Rus \u00c7ar\u0131n\u0131n Kremlin saray\u0131 ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak \u00fczere Rusya’ya sat\u0131l\u0131rm\u0131\u015f<\/em>” diye yazmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6ylesine kanunlarda, seyahatnamelerde, kitaplarda geni\u015f yer alan ve \u00f6v\u00fclen Ergani \u015farab\u0131 ve o g\u00fczelim \u00fcz\u00fcmlerimize peki ne oldu!?.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdullah dedemlerin kilerinde kilden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kocaman k\u00fcpler vard\u0131. Bu k\u00fcplere “\u015farap k\u00fcp\u00fc<\/em>” derlerdi. Neden \u015farap k\u00fcp\u00fc? Sofibekirler’in, lakaplar\u0131ndan da belli oldu\u011fu gibi \u015farap yapmalar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemez. Bu kocaman k\u00fcplere \u015farap k\u00fcp\u00fc <\/em>denilmesinin nedeninin, Ergani’de eskiden \u015farap yap\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok yayg\u0131n olmas\u0131ndan kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum. -Dedemler kilerlerindeki bu k\u00fcplere tohumluk bu\u011fday ve arpa b\u0131rak\u0131rlard\u0131, farelerden ve di\u011fer ha\u015ferelerden korumak i\u00e7in.- Hilar ve K\u0131lle\u015f k\u00f6ylerinde ve Z\u00fclk\u00fcf Da\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n eteklerinde \u00e7ok geni\u015f, ba\u015fta \u015farap \u00fcz\u00fcmleri olmak \u00fczere her t\u00fcr \u00fcz\u00fcm yeti\u015ftiricili\u011finin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u011flar varm\u0131\u015f ve ba\u011fc\u0131l\u0131k \u00e7ok ileri bir durumdaym\u0131\u015f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hilar Ma\u011faralar\u0131 \u015farap mahzeni olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131rm\u0131\u015f edindi\u011fim bilgilere g\u00f6re…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ben derim ki; madem eskiden \u00e7ok iyi \u015farap yap\u0131l\u0131yormu\u015f, \u00e7ok iyi \u00fcz\u00fcmlerimiz varm\u0131\u015f, demek ki topraklar\u0131m\u0131z bu i\u015f i\u00e7in uygundur. O halde neden yeni i\u015f ve istihdam alanlar\u0131 yaratm\u0131yoruz, neden \u00fcr\u00fcn ve hizmet yar\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ger\u00e7ek yerimizi alm\u0131yoruz, neden Ergani’de ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen gayr\u0131 safi h\u00e2s\u0131lay\u0131 art\u0131rm\u0131yoruz?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u015fe \u00fcz\u00fcm asmalar\u0131n\u0131, teveklerini ekecek yerleri belirlemekle ba\u015flanabilir. \u00d6nce toprak analizleri yap\u0131lmal\u0131, arazilerimize uygun \u00fcz\u00fcm \u00e7e\u015fitleri saptanmal\u0131. \u015earapl\u0131k \u00fcz\u00fcm fidanlar\u0131n\u0131n\/ asmalar\u0131n\u0131n dikimine ba\u015flamadan, \u015farap \u00fcretici firma ve i\u015fletmeleriyle g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcp, anla\u015farak, onlardan topra\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n cinsine uygun fidanlar alarak, usul ve tekni\u011fine uygun ba\u011fc\u0131l\u0131kta yeni bir sayfa a\u00e7abiliriz. Hilar k\u00f6y\u00fcnden Huneyn Kaygusuz \u00f6rnek bir davran\u0131\u015f sergileyerek tarlas\u0131na \u00d6k\u00fczg\u00f6z\u00fc <\/em>ve Bo\u011fazkere <\/em>\u015farapl\u0131k \u00fcz\u00fcm asmalar\u0131n\u0131 ekip bu i\u015fi canland\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Ermenilerin bu i\u015fteki ustal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kendimize \u00f6rnek alabiliriz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ge\u00e7mi\u015fte bunu \u00e7ok iyi yapanlar varm\u0131\u015f. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Cumhuriyetin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda, anlat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re \u015earap\u00e7\u0131 Lo\u015fo Hanifi (Bayhan), Ermenilerden sonra Ergani’de en iyi \u015farap yapanlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda gelirmi\u015f. Onun tahta f\u0131\u00e7\u0131larda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015faraplar, Frans\u0131zlar\u0131 bile mest ediyormu\u015f. Anlat\u0131lanlara g\u00f6re Frans\u0131zlar, o zaman Diyarbak\u0131r’da askeri ve sivil hava alan\u0131 in\u015faat\u0131n\u0131 yapmaktad\u0131rlar. Ergani’den Lo\u015fo Hanifi’nin \u015farab\u0131n\u0131 kim Frans\u0131zlara g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcrse, Frans\u0131zlar onu hemen i\u015fe al\u0131yormu\u015f. \u0130\u015fe girmenin r\u00fc\u015fvet arac\u0131 Lo\u015fo’nun \u015faraplar\u0131ym\u0131\u015f yani.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bizler \u015feytan\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yapmayal\u0131m, \u00fcz\u00fcm asmalar\u0131n\u0131 yok etmeyelim; Nuh’un yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yapal\u0131m: Kan\u0131m\u0131zla, can\u0131m\u0131zla, al\u0131nterimizle \u00fcz\u00fcm teveklerine, asma bah\u00e7elerine can verelim. Y\u00fcce Allah ki; Nebe’ S\u00fbresi <\/em>(78:31-34)’nde Cennet’<\/em>e gidecek olanlara m\u00fcjdeyi vermektedir: “\u015e\u00fcphesiz takv\u00e2 sahipleri i\u00e7in umulan\u0131 bulduklar\u0131 yer, bah\u00e7eler, \u00fcz\u00fcm ba\u011flar\u0131, g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcsleri tomurcuk gibi kabarm\u0131\u015f ya\u015f\u0131t k\u0131zlar, i\u00e7ki dolu k\u00e2seler vard\u0131r<\/em>” diyerek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bizler de Ergani’mizi cennetin bir k\u00f6\u015fesi yapamay\u0131z m\u0131?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eerbet\u00e7ilik<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Meyve suyu, \u015feker veya meyan k\u00f6k\u00fcnden elde edilen i\u00e7ece\u011fe \u015ferbet<\/em>, bunu yap\u0131p \u00f6zel kaplarda satanlara da \u015ferbet\u00e7i <\/em>denir. Pekmezin suland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f\u0131na da \u015ferbet <\/em>denilse de, bu \u015ferbetle; meyve suyu veya meyan k\u00f6k\u00fcnden elde edilen \u015ferbeti kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmamak laz\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u0131rtta ta\u015f\u0131nan \u00f6zel \u015ferbet kab\u0131 g\u00fcg\u00fcm <\/em>ya sar\u0131 bak\u0131rdan ya da galvaniz sacdan yap\u0131l\u0131r. \u015eerbet s\u0131cak aylarda sat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, so\u011fuk kalmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, \u00e7ok eskiden i\u00e7ersine kar at\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Elektrik kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 ve her t\u00fcrl\u00fc so\u011futucular\u0131n imal edili\u015fi sonucu, sonraki y\u0131llarda buz at\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. \u015eerbet\u00e7i kab\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda bir \u00f6zel kap daha bulunurdu. Bu ufak kap, su mataras\u0131 da olabilir. \u015eerbet\u00e7i m\u00fc\u015fteriye \u015ferbet vermeden \u00f6nce barda\u011f\u0131 bu mataran\u0131n suyuyla ya y\u0131kar ya \u00e7alkalard\u0131. Bir de \u015ferbet\u00e7inin beline tak\u0131lan s\u00fcsl\u00fc, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fi madenden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bardaklar\u0131n konuldu\u011fu ve taslar\u0131n zincirle ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu bele tak\u0131lan bardak g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcsl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bulunurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eerbet\u00e7i meydanda, caddelerde \u015ferbetini satarken; kendi sesini sar\u0131 bak\u0131rdan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7\u0131nc\u0131n tas\u0131n\u0131 \u015ferbet kab\u0131n\u0131n muslu\u011funa veya taslar\u0131 birbirine vurarak \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan sesle ustal\u0131kl\u0131 bir uyum sa\u011flayarak sat\u0131\u015f\u0131na t\u00f6rensel bir hava verirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"
\u015eerbet\u00e7i Av\u00e9 Susi Z\u00fclf\u00fckar\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Foto: Esat Ta\u015ftekin<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Ergani’de benim hat\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar\u0131yla en \u00e7ok vi\u015fne \u015furubu, limonata ve meyan \u015ferbeti yap\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Yap\u0131lan bu \u015ferbetler kahvelerde, parklarda; gezgin \u015ferbet\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan da sokakta sat\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Yazlar\u0131 \u00f6zel olarak evlerde, Ramazan aylar\u0131nda, dini bayramlarda, ni\u015fanlarda, d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnlerde de \u015ferbet yap\u0131l\u0131r ve hane halk\u0131na, misafirlere ikram edilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eerbetlerin i\u00e7ersindeki meyve, \u015feker ve su oranlar\u0131n\u0131n ne oranda olaca\u011f\u0131 ve hijyenik ko\u015fullarda yap\u0131l\u0131p yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ustan\u0131n h\u00fcner ve vicdan\u0131na kalm\u0131\u015f bir \u015feydi; ustan\u0131n i\u015fine kar\u0131\u015f\u0131lmazd\u0131! Burada \u015funu da yazmam gerekir; meyve yerine, meyve aromas\u0131 veya boyadan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan \u015ferbetler hakiki meyveden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u015ferbet gibi satan vicdans\u0131zlarda \u00e7oktu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ergani’de benim bildi\u011fim tek bir \u015ferbet\u00e7i vard\u0131: Ergani’nin sembollerinden biri olan \u015eerbet\u00e7i Av\u00e9 Susi Z\u00fclf\u00fckar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vi\u015fne \u015furubunun yap\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6nce taze vi\u015fne veya kurutulmu\u015f vi\u015fne meyvesi y\u0131kan\u0131r. Bir kab\u0131n i\u00e7ersinde \u00fczerine toz \u015feker d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcr. Sonra elle iyice s\u0131k\u0131l\u0131r ve su ilave edilir ve ince bir s\u00fczge\u00e7 veya t\u00fclbentle bir ba\u015fka kaba s\u00fcz\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u0130ste\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak i\u00e7ersine \u00e7ok az limon tuzu ve \u00e7ok az yemek sodas\u0131 da at\u0131labilinir. En sonunda i\u00e7ersine kar veya buz atarak ya da bir so\u011futucuda so\u011futularak evlerde ikram\u0131, i\u015fyerlerinde sat\u0131\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Limonatan\u0131n yap\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Limon temizce y\u0131kan\u0131r, sonra hem kabu\u011fu hem de i\u00e7 yemi\u015f k\u0131sm\u0131 bir kaba rendelenir. \u00dczerine toz \u015feker d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcr. Sonra elle iyice s\u0131k\u0131l\u0131r ve su ilave edilir. \u0130nce bir s\u00fczge\u00e7 veya t\u00fclbentle bir ba\u015fka kaba s\u00fcz\u00fcl\u00fcr. Limondan tasarruf etmek isteyen baz\u0131 meslek erbaplar\u0131 bu kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131n i\u00e7ersine bol miktarda limon tuzu katarlard\u0131: Ucuza limonata elde etmek i\u00e7in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En sonda vi\u015fne \u015furubunda oldu\u011fu gibi i\u00e7ersine kar veya buz at\u0131larak ya da bir so\u011futucuda so\u011futularak evlerde ikram\u0131, i\u015fyerlerinde sat\u0131\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Meyan \u015ferbetinin yap\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do\u011fal olarak aktar veya baharat\u00e7\u0131larda sat\u0131lan Meyan k\u00f6k\u00fc <\/em>al\u0131n\u0131r. K\u00f6k, bir kab\u0131n i\u00e7ersine konulup \u00fczerine su ilave edilir. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 5-6 saat beklenir, sonra meyan k\u00f6k\u00fcn\u00fcn bulundu\u011fu kaptaki s\u0131v\u0131 temiz bir t\u00fclbentle veya ince bir s\u00fczge\u00e7le s\u00fcz\u00fcl\u00fcr. Elde edilen meyan \u015ferbetidir. \u0130\u00e7ersine hi\u00e7bir \u015fey kat\u0131lmaz, ama isteyen i\u00e7ine \u00e7ok az tarc\u0131n atabilir. So\u011futulup i\u00e7ilmesi i\u00e7in ise, i\u00e7ersine sadece kar veya buz at\u0131l\u0131r ya da bir so\u011futucuda bekletilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gazozculuk<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eskiden gazoz yap\u0131m\u0131 ve i\u00e7imi bir ayr\u0131cal\u0131kt\u0131. Hat\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m kadar\u0131yla \u015fimdiki Kemaliye Cami’nin (\u00c7ar\u015f\u0131daki Camii\u2019nin) arka soka\u011f\u0131nda R\u0131za G\u00fcneyli’nin \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir gazozhane vard\u0131. 1969-1971(?) y\u0131llar\u0131nda Necati Say buray\u0131 devir alarak i\u015fletmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Sonralar\u0131 ne yerli gazozlar kald\u0131 ne de gazozhaneler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gazozlar sar\u0131, k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 (kola rengine yak\u0131n) ve beyaz olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 t\u00fcr gazoz \u00fcretiliyordu. O zamanlar bir de \u00dcnal <\/em>gazozlar\u0131 vard\u0131. Bu gazozu da aslen \u00c7ermikli olan \u00d6mer \u00dcnal ve ailesi imal etmekteydi. Z\u00fclk\u00fcf \u00dcnal’\u0131n bu \u00dcnal <\/em>gazozlar\u0131yla bir alakas\u0131 yoktur. Z\u00fclk\u00fcf \u00dcnal Caca Cola veya Pepsi Cola’n\u0131n o zamanki, bekli de ilk bayisiydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gazozlar kahvelerde, parklarda kar veya buz dolu kaplar\u0131n i\u00e7ersinde korunarak yaz mevsiminde bol bol i\u00e7ilirdi. Gazozuna oyunlar oynan\u0131rd\u0131. Bazen gazoz \u015fi\u015felerinin i\u00e7ersinden yabanc\u0131 cisimlerin \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 da olurdu, olsun o kadar kusur kad\u0131 k\u0131z\u0131nda da bulunur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonralar\u0131 Coca Cola <\/em>ve Pepsi Cola <\/em>gibi uluslararas\u0131 tekelci \u015firketlerin \u00fcr\u00fcnleri kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda bizim gazozlar, “havlu att\u0131<\/em>“. \u0130malathane ve gazozlar buharla\u015ft\u0131, her \u015feyde oldu\u011fu gibi gazozlar\u0131m\u0131z uluslararas\u0131 sermayeyle ekonomik, politik ve teknolojik ili\u015fkiye giren tekeller kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda eridi, yok olup tarih oldu. Coca-Cola<\/em>, Pepsi-Cola <\/em>ve benzerlerinin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda tutunamad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nas\u0131l tutunsun ki, Coca-Cola “yeni bir ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imi<\/em>“; Pepsi-Cola, “Daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 iste<\/em>“yen “yeni neslin yeni se\u00e7imi<\/em>“; hem \u00fcstelik bu i\u00e7ecekleri \u00fcreten firmalar\u0131n arkas\u0131nda koskoca Amerika var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Karc\u0131l\u0131k<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Karc\u0131l\u0131k \u00e7ok zahmetli bir i\u015ftir. K\u0131\u015f\u0131n ya\u011fan kar, da\u011flarda kayalar\u0131n g\u00fcne\u015f almayan taraf\u0131nda g\u00f6lgelik k\u0131s\u0131mlarda istiflenip saklanarak yaz\u0131n kavurucu s\u0131ca\u011f\u0131nda i\u00e7ilecek suyun, ayran\u0131n veya \u015ferbet gibi i\u00e7eceklerin i\u00e7ine at\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca dondurma yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yazlar\u0131 i\u00e7ine kar at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f so\u011fuk i\u00e7ecekler s\u0131cak havalarda y\u00fcrek ferahlat\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kar basarken, \u00f6nce da\u011fda kayalar\u0131n dibinde veya oyu\u011funda g\u00fcne\u015ften fazla etkilenmeyen bir yerinde yer se\u00e7ilir. Se\u00e7ilen bu yerin ta\u015f\u0131 ve topra\u011f\u0131 at\u0131l\u0131r, yer temizlenir ve d\u00fczeltilir. \u00dczerine saman ve tuz serpilir. Sonra bu d\u00fczeltilen yerin \u00fczerine bir kat kar, bir kat tuz at\u0131l\u0131r ve k\u00fcre\u011fin tersiyle, lo\u011fla s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Bu s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kar y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerine bir kat daha kar at\u0131l\u0131r ve tekrar bunun da \u00fczerine tuz serpilir ve ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131l\u0131r. Her kat kar at\u0131m\u0131nda bu i\u015flem aynen tekrarlan\u0131r. D\u00fczenlenen yerin hacmi dolunca, kar y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerine tekrar tuz serpilir ve kar y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fczerine kal\u0131nca saman serilir. Ve bu defa saman s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece kar y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f olunur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yaz\u0131n kar y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131ndan kar \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 zaman da, \u00f6nce saman kar y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinden s\u0131yr\u0131l\u0131r, sonra kar testereyle kal\u0131p \u015feklinde kesilir ve bir telise sar\u0131larak y\u00fck hayvanlar\u0131na y\u00fcklenerek meydanda sat\u0131lmak, dondurma yap\u0131lmak \u00fczere ve de lokantalara, kahvelere satmak i\u00e7in \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131ya getirilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kar basmada tuz iki nedenden dolay\u0131 kullan\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. Birincisi, kar \u00e7abuk erimesin. \u0130kincisi de, kar kurtlanmas\u0131n diye. Peki, kar kurtlan\u0131r m\u0131? Bunu Karc\u0131 Edo’ya (Adnan Ergezer’e) sormal\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hat\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m kadar\u0131yla, Ergani’de en iyi kar\u0131 Makam Da\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n arkas\u0131nda Efe Osman (U\u011fur), Karc\u0131 Memet (Mehmet Acar) ile Bavo Hocan\u0131n o\u011flu Karc\u0131 Mamut (Mahmut Ergezer) basarlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elektri\u011fin yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131 sonucu \u00f6nce buzhaneler \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131, sonra da her t\u00fcr ve boyda buzdolaplar\u0131… Buzhanelerde buzun bolca \u00fcretilmesi ve ard\u0131ndan buzdolaplar\u0131n\u0131n evlerde en \u00e7ok aranan bir gere\u00e7 olmas\u0131 karc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dondurmac\u0131l\u0131k<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dondurma; s\u00fct, s\u00fct kayma\u011f\u0131, \u015feker, damla sak\u0131z\u0131 ve tatland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 ho\u015f kokular\u0131n belli oranda kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p bir kap i\u00e7inde s\u00fcrekli kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak yap\u0131lan dondurucu bir yiyecektir. Sade yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi meyveli, \u00e7ikolatal\u0131 ve vanilyal\u0131 gibi \u00e7e\u015fitleri de vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m, tatland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131larla birlikte, \u00e7evresine tuz, kar veya buz konulmu\u015f bir kaba d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcr. Kab\u0131n i\u00e7ersindekiler bir el manivelas\u0131 ile dondurma donuncaya kadar \u00e7alkalan\u0131r, d\u00f6v\u00fcl\u00fcr. B\u00f6ylece dondurman\u0131n havay\u0131 emmesi ve buz kristallerinin istenen boyutlarda olmas\u0131 sa\u011flan\u0131r. Dondurma sak\u0131z gibi uzayan, kolay kolay erimeyen bir durum al\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elde edilen dondurma, etraf\u0131 kar veya buzla beslenmi\u015f bir so\u011fuk kab\u0131n (tahta f\u0131\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n) i\u00e7inde muhafaza edilir. Bu kab\u0131n i\u00e7inden yenilece\u011fi zaman servis yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\u011fz\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 tatland\u0131ran, s\u0131cak yaz g\u00fcnlerinde i\u00e7imizi ferahlatan ve bug\u00fcn \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fik aromalardan yap\u0131lan dondurman\u0131n tarihi \u00e7ok eskidir. Marco Polo (1254-1324), \u00c7in gezisinden d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde Avrupa’ya yan\u0131nda meyveli dondurma getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elektrik kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ve makinele\u015fmenin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 ve de \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde teknolojinin geli\u015fmesi sonucu bug\u00fcn dondurma \u00e7e\u015fidi \u00e7ok artt\u0131; dondurma yap\u0131m\u0131nda yo\u011fun eme\u011fin yerini yo\u011fu teknoloji ald\u0131; birim zamanda \u00fcretilen dondurma miktar\u0131 devasa boyutlara ula\u015ft\u0131. Bug\u00fcn el yap\u0131m\u0131 dondurmalar, yerli fabrikasyon tipi dondurmalar\u0131n; yerli fabrikasyon tipi dondurmalar da, yabanc\u0131 markalar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ayakta kalma m\u00fccadelesi vermekte. Ama \u00fcst\u00fcn teknoloji ve tekelci sermaye kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda pek fazla \u015fanslar\u0131 yok!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Culfac\u0131l\u0131k\/ Dokumac\u0131l\u0131k<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

isterim ki
ipek elli dokumac\u0131 k\u0131z\u0131n gergefindeki her yeni nak\u0131\u015f
sevdalar\u0131n bulu\u015ftu\u011fu bir g\u00fcl bah\u00e7esi olsun<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dokumac\u0131l\u0131k \u00e7ok eski ve \u00f6nemli mesleklerinden biridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ABD Harward \u00dcniversitesi tarih profes\u00f6r\u00fc Mehrdad R. Izady’\u0131n yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re; D\u00fcnyada d\u00fczenli “modern” dokuma ile yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f 9000 y\u0131ll\u0131k en eski kuma\u015f \u00c7ay\u00f6n\u00fc’nde bulunmu\u015ftur. Ve bu kuma\u015f\u0131n bulunu\u015fu 1992 y\u0131l\u0131nda man\u015fet haber olmu\u015ftur. ( Mehrdad R. Izady, Bir El Kitab\u0131 K\u00dcRTLER, Doz Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2004, s. 64, 436)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7ermik’te bez dokuma tezg\u00e2hlar\u0131na culfa<\/em>; bez dokuyanlara da culfac\u0131 <\/em>denirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Culfa<\/em>” s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fik kaynaklarda arad\u0131m; ama kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bulamad\u0131m. S\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn Ermeni’ce oldu\u011funu tahmin ediyordum; ama, Ermenice s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerde de istedi\u011fim sonucu elde edemedim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Culfa (Julfa), Nah\u00e7ivan b\u00f6lgesinde bir Ermeni kasabas\u0131 olarak bilinir. MS 1603 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u015eah Abbas b\u00f6lgeyi fetheder; ama Osmanl\u0131 ak\u0131nlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 gerekli \u00f6nlemleri alamaz. Bunun \u00fcst\u00fcne b\u00f6lgenin zenginliklerini talan ettirir ve Ermenileri i\u00e7 b\u00f6lgelere g\u00f6\u00e7e zorlar. Culfa’y\u0131 yak\u0131p y\u0131kar. Amac\u0131, Culfa’daki zenginliklerin Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7memesidir. G\u00f6\u00e7e zorlanan Ermeniler \u0130sfahan yak\u0131n\u0131nda Yeni Culfa’y\u0131 kurarlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Culfa kasabas\u0131, dokumac\u0131 ustalar\u0131 ile bilinir. Pek \u00e7ok kaynak, Culfa’dan Osmanl\u0131, Pers, Rusya’ya g\u00f6\u00e7 eden ustalardan s\u00f6z eder. Ustan\u0131n olabilmesi i\u00e7in dokuma tezg\u00e2hlar\u0131n\u0131n ve dokuma i\u015flerinin olmas\u0131 zorunludur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Culfa ile culfac\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki nedir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ermenice s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerin T\u00fcrk\u00e7e veya Fars\u00e7aya d\u00fczenli \u00e7evrildi\u011fi iddia edilemez. “Culfal\u0131 dokumac\u0131lar<\/em>“, culfac\u0131lar; “Culfa tezgahlar\u0131<\/em>“, culfa olarak neden k\u0131salt\u0131lmas\u0131n?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Atalar\u0131m\u0131z da \u00f6yle yapm\u0131\u015f olabilir. Belki de bu bi\u00e7imdeki de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi Ermeni ustalar yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ermenilerden bez sat\u0131n alanlar, baz\u0131 s\u00f6zc\u00fckleri de de\u011fi\u015ftirerek benimsiyorlard\u0131. (Kaynak: Armenians and Russia 1626- 1796 A documentary Record- George A. Bournoutian)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ergani’de \u00e7ulfac\u0131 var m\u0131yd\u0131 yok muydu bilemiyorum. Ama dokuma bezlerinin \u00c7ermik’ten, Malatya’dan getirildi\u011fini hat\u0131rl\u0131yorum. Culfac\u0131l\u0131k Malatyal\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan \u00c7ermik’e getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"
Culfac\u0131 Mehmet Kama\u015f tezgah ba\u015f\u0131nda (\u00c7ermik).\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Foto: M. Karabulut<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Faho Dedem (Fahri De\u011firmenci), \u00c7ermik’te en tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f culfac\u0131lardan biriydi. Onun culfa tezg\u00e2h\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda oturu\u015fu, meki\u011fin elinde bal\u0131k gibi, ipliklerin aras\u0131ndan bir sa\u011fa bir sola kay\u0131\u015f\u0131, meki\u011fin gidi\u015f geli\u015fine paralel dedemin elleriyle otomatik olarak meki\u011fi yakalay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve yeniden at\u0131\u015f\u0131, ayaklar\u0131n\u0131n peryodik olarak bir inip bir kalk\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve en \u00f6nemlisi tezg\u00e2h ba\u015f\u0131nda vakurlu bir \u015fekilde boynundaki mahrama <\/em>denilen b\u00fcy\u00fck mendille al\u0131n terini sili\u015fi halen g\u00f6zlerimin \u00f6n\u00fcndedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dedem ger\u00e7ek bir emek\u00e7iydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Culfa tezg\u00e2hlar\u0131n\u0131n boyutlar\u0131 \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fkendir. Ama yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak boyu 2,25 m. boyunda, 1,60 m eninde ve 2 m. uzunlu\u011funda olurdu. Tezg\u00e2hlar atk\u0131lar, taraklar, pedallar, def, mekikden… olu\u015furdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Culfac\u0131l\u0131kta ilmikler tek tek de\u011fil, boydan boya at\u0131lan atk\u0131larla dokunur. Keleflerde\/ \u00e7\u0131kr\u0131klarda sar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, yani kelef\/ yumak haline getirilmi\u015f iplikler tezg\u00e2hta tek s\u0131ra halinde atk\u0131lara gerilir. Elle at\u0131lan meki\u011fin iplikleri, \u00e7\u00f6zg\u00fclerin aras\u0131nda gider gelir. Dokumac\u0131 tezg\u00e2h alt\u0131nda bulunan pedala sa\u011f aya\u011f\u0131yla bast\u0131r\u0131nca \u00f6n tarak a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 iner; o anda sa\u011f elle mekik taraklar\u0131n aras\u0131ndaki bo\u015fluktan sol tarafa at\u0131l\u0131r ve sol elle mekik yakalan\u0131r, sa\u011f elle tara\u011f\u0131 kendisine taraf \u00e7eker. Ard\u0131ndan sol ayakla pedala bast\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r, \u00f6n tarak yukar\u0131 kalkarken arka tarak a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 iner ve o anda sol elle mekik taraklar\u0131n aras\u0131ndaki ipliklerin aras\u0131ndan sa\u011f tarafa at\u0131l\u0131r, sa\u011f elle mekik yakalan\u0131rken, sol elle de tara\u011f\u0131 kendisine taraf \u00e7eker. Bu i\u015flemler seri ve \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde yap\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Meki\u011fin gidip geli\u015fi ve tara\u011f\u0131n defe her vuru\u015fuyla yava\u015f yava\u015f bez ve bez \u00fczerinde desenler olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"
M\u00fcsl\u00fcm \u00dcz\u00fclmez ve eski Culfac\u0131lardan Muharrem S\u00fcmb\u00fcl (Day\u0131-Ye\u011fen). \u00c7ermik, 2001<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Bu tezg\u00e2hlarda \u00e7e\u015fitli renk ve boyutlarda dikilip bi\u00e7ilen giysi bezleri, sofra bezleri, el havlular\u0131 ve \u015fire bezi dokunurdu. Faho Dedem en \u00e7ok \u015fire bezi, alaca bezi, sofra bezi gibi dokuma t\u00fcrleri dokudu\u011funu ve bir eliyle meki\u011fi at\u0131p, di\u011fer eliyle meki\u011fi yakalay\u0131\u015f\u0131, tara\u011f\u0131 kendine taraf \u00e7ekip defe vuru\u015fu halen g\u00f6zlerimin \u00f6n\u00fcndedir. Dedemin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, Muharrem S\u00fcmb\u00fcl, Ali Zilkif Ke\u00e7eci, Ali S\u00fcsen, S\u00fcleyman Ke\u00e7eci, Veyis De\u011firmenci, Osman Bardak\u00e7\u0131… tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131m di\u011fer iyi culfac\u0131lard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Culfaya ba\u015flanmadan \u00f6nce iplerin \u015firez<\/em>lenmesi, kurutulmas\u0131, sonra da \u00e7\u0131kr\u0131klarda sar\u0131lmalar\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7\u0131kr\u0131k<\/em>, tahtadan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f elle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ilkel bir iplik e\u011firme ve sarma aletidir. \u0130plik kelefleri\/ yumaklar\u0131 bu aletle yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7\u0131kr\u0131k, iki ayak aras\u0131nda d\u00f6nen bir b\u00fcy\u00fck kasnak <\/em>ve bu kasna\u011f\u0131n d\u00f6nd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u0131\u011f<\/em>den meydana gelir. \u00c7\u0131kr\u0131k bir elle \u00e7evrilirken, di\u011fer elle de ip tutularak ipin d\u00fczg\u00fcn kelef olmas\u0131 sa\u011flan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marangozhanede \u00f6zel olarak yap\u0131lan ve \u00fczerine iplik sar\u0131lan i\u00e7i delik ah\u015fap ya da kendir sap\u0131na terdek<\/em>; terde\u011fin \u00fczerine ip sar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve mekikte kullan\u0131labilir haline de masura <\/em>denir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7ulfac\u0131l\u0131k, tekstil sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn geli\u015fmesi sonucu yok olan mesleklerden biri haline geldi. \u015eimdi turistik ama\u00e7lar i\u00e7in, otantik ve folklorik de\u011ferleri ya\u015fatmak i\u00e7in baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde veya yerlerde bu meslek yeniden diriltilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Go\u015fkarl\u0131k<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Ta\u015fa basma iz olur
K\u0131z kunduran toz olur”<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dcst\u00fc k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 veya siyah deriden, taban\u0131 ise k\u00f6seleden yap\u0131lan topuksuz ayakkab\u0131lara yemeni<\/em>; bu i\u015fi yapanlara da yemenici <\/em>veya k\u00f6\u015fker <\/em>denilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ergani’de yemeniciler go\u015fkar <\/em>denilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Go\u015fkarl\u0131k <\/em>\u00e7ok eski bir meslektir. Bu mesle\u011fe avc\u0131l\u0131kla ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r diyebiliriz. \u0130lk insanlar avlad\u0131klar\u0131 hayvanlar\u0131n postlar\u0131ndan, derilerinden kendilerine giyecek ve yemeni yaparak bedenlerini korumaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Hilar ma\u011faralar\u0131ndaki Go\u015ftkar Ma\u011faras\u0131<\/em>‘n\u0131 bu anlatt\u0131klar\u0131m\u0131za \u00f6rnek verebiliriz. Go\u015ftkar Ma\u011faras\u0131, Tiyatronun bulundu\u011fu geni\u015f sal kayal\u0131klar\u0131n alt\u0131ndaki do\u011fal ma\u011farad\u0131r. Bu ma\u011fara, Kasaphane veya Yemenici ma\u011faras\u0131 olarak da bilinmektedir. Burada kayaya oluymu\u015f bir su kayna\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Go\u015ftkar, et i\u015fi yapanlar anlam\u0131ndad\u0131r. Burada, yani Go\u015ftkar Ma\u011faras\u0131’nda hayvan kesimi ve etle ilgili i\u015fler yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 san\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca bu ma\u011faran\u0131n biti\u015fi\u011findeki ma\u011faran\u0131n ismi \u015e\u0131kefta Postkara<\/em>‘d\u0131r. Post\/ deri i\u015fi yapanlar anlam\u0131ndad\u0131r. Post ve deri tabaklama i\u015fi bu ma\u011faran\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki toprakla kapl\u0131 yerdeki havuzda yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Postkara Ma\u011faras\u0131’n\u0131n biti\u015fi\u011findeki ma\u011faran\u0131n ismi de \u015eikefta Derraba<\/em>d\u0131r. Yani hayvan palan\u0131 yapan terziler ma\u011faras\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yemenicilik \u00e7ok \u00f6zen isteyen bir zanaatt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yemenicilikte kullan\u0131lan deriler yaln\u0131zca sumak veya maz\u0131 ile dabaklan\u0131r, kimyasal maddeler kesinlikle kullan\u0131lmazd\u0131. Diki\u015fler \u00e7elikten yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ucu sivri delici bir alet olan biz <\/em>yard\u0131m\u0131yla \u00e7ift i\u011fne kullan\u0131larak mumlu iple, yani g\u0131nnap\/ k\u0131rnap iple tersinden dikilirdi, daha sonra da d\u00fcz taraf\u0131 \u00e7evrilirdi. V\u00fccut elektri\u011fini (statik elektri\u011fi) als\u0131n diye, astar ve taban aras\u0131na kil tabakas\u0131 konulup \u00f6yle dikilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yemeniler, tamam\u0131 el eme\u011fi olan, koku ve mantar yapmayan kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131, ortopedik ve hafif ayakkab\u0131lard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Keski, balmumu, g\u0131nnap, i\u011fne, biz, \u00e7eki\u00e7, k\u00fct\u00fck go\u015fkarl\u0131kta ba\u015fl\u0131ca malzemelerdendir. Bu meslek, sanayile\u015fme ve ayakkab\u0131 sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn geli\u015fmesi sonucu \u00f6ld\u00fc. Eskiden yemenici olanlar \u00f6nce kundurac\u0131<\/em>, daha sonralar\u0131 ise ayakkab\u0131 tamircisi <\/em>oldular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ergani’de 1960’l\u0131 y\u0131llarda kundurac\u0131 Hanifi (K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7kap) ve Kundurac\u0131 Cevdet (K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7kap) tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131m en iyi kundurac\u0131lard\u0131. Gen\u00e7lerin isteklerine uygun sivri burunlu, yumurta topuklu kunduralar ve gezdik\u00e7e ses \u00e7\u0131kartan, evinde \u00e7eyiz haz\u0131rlayan gen\u00e7 k\u0131zlar\u0131n y\u00fcreklerini c\u0131z\u0131lt\u0131lar\u0131yla da\u011flayan botlar yaparlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7\u00f6mlek\u00e7ilik\/ Habenecilik\/ K\u00e2rhanac\u0131l\u0131k<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Bir testi ald\u0131m \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131dan ucuza;
Gizli gizli neler anlatt\u0131 bana;
Bir \u015fahd\u0131m, dedi; alt\u0131n kupam vard\u0131;
\u015eimdi neyim? Testi oldum \u015faraba.” -\u00d6mer Hayyam<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

F\u0131r\u0131nlanarak yap\u0131lan kilden e\u015fyalara \u00e7\u00f6mlek<\/em>, bu i\u015fi yapanlara da \u00e7\u00f6mlek\u00e7i <\/em>denilir. \u00c7anak-\u00e7\u00f6mlek yap\u0131lan yere \u00c7ermik’te k\u00e2rhana <\/em>deniliyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7\u00f6mlek\u00e7i, dikey bir mil \u00fczerinde h\u0131zla d\u00f6nen \u00e7ark\u0131n\/ diskin tam ortas\u0131na konmu\u015f bi\u00e7im verilebilir k\u0131vamdaki bir bal\u00e7\u0131k\/ \u00e7amur par\u00e7as\u0131ndan \u00e7e\u015fitli nesneler yapan zanaat\u00e7\u0131d\u0131r. Dikey d\u00f6nen bu \u00e7ark\/ disk sayesinde nesneler \u00e7ok \u00e7abuk yap\u0131l\u0131r. Uzman bir el dahi \u00e7arkla bir iki dakika i\u00e7ersinde yap\u0131lacak nesneyi \u00e7ark olmaks\u0131z\u0131n elle yap\u0131lmas\u0131 halinde ancak 2-3 g\u00fcnde yapabilir. Bal\u00e7\u0131ktan yap\u0131lan k\u00fcp, g\u00fcve\u00e7, habene\/ testi, k\u00e2se, saks\u0131 ve d\u00fcd\u00fck gibi nesneler kuruduktan sonra k\u00fcmbet bi\u00e7iminde yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f f\u0131r\u0131nlarda pi\u015firilir. Sonra da sat\u0131\u015fa sunulurlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ergani’de \u00e7\u00f6mlek\u00e7i at\u00f6lyesinin olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlamad\u0131\u011f\u0131m gibi duymad\u0131m da. Ama \u00c7ermik’te day\u0131mo\u011flu Kamber S\u00fcmb\u00fcl\u2019\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6mlek\u00e7i at\u00f6lyesini gezdi\u011fimi hat\u0131rl\u0131yorum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7\u00f6mlek\u00e7ilik \u00e7ok \u00e7ok eski bir meslektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bug\u00fcn Anadolu ve Mezopotamya’da yap\u0131lan arkeolojik kaz\u0131larda en \u00e7ok \u00e7anak-\u00e7\u00f6mlek buluntular\u0131na rastlan\u0131lmas\u0131 bundand\u0131r. Bilim adamlar\u0131 tarih\u00f6ncesi d\u00f6nemleri anlat\u0131rken Birinci Neolitik D\u00f6nem, \u00c7anak-\u00c7\u00f6mlekli D\u00f6nem <\/em>ve \u00c7anak-\u00c7\u00f6mleksiz D\u00f6nem <\/em>olarak ele al\u0131p incelerler. Bilim adamlar\u0131na g\u00f6re, Neolitik D\u00f6nemi’nde topra\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k \u00e7ok yava\u015f ger\u00e7ekle\u015fse de, topra\u011fa yerle\u015fim ve ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k insanlar\u0131 yeni ke\u015fiflere itmi\u015ftir. Birinci Neolitik D\u00f6nem<\/em>‘in ba\u015flamas\u0131yla, yani g\u00f6\u00e7ebe insan topluluklar\u0131 yerle\u015fik d\u00fczene ge\u00e7meye ba\u015flay\u0131nca, avc\u0131l\u0131k ve haz\u0131r toplay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n yan\u0131nda yaban hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131 evcile\u015ftirme ve yaban\u00ee tah\u0131llar\u0131 ekip-bi\u00e7me de \u00f6\u011frenilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. Sonra taneleri \u00f6\u011f\u00fctmek i\u00e7in geni\u015f ve a\u011f\u0131r ta\u015flar\u0131n kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011firmenlerin yap\u0131m\u0131, tohumlar\u0131n saklanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yeni y\u00f6ntemler geli\u015ftirildi. Bu yeni y\u00f6ntemlerle birlikte ilk \u00e7\u00f6mleklerin yap\u0131m\u0131na ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczden yakla\u015f\u0131k 10 bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce Hilar \u00c7ay\u00f6n\u00fc’nde ya\u015fayanlar H\u00fccre Planl\u0131 Yap\u0131lar Evresi<\/em>‘nde ta\u015f\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra topraktan daha fazla yararlanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flar. Sadece yap\u0131lar\u0131nda de\u011fil, di\u011fer g\u00fcnl\u00fck kullan\u0131m ara\u00e7-gere\u00e7lerinde de… Kerpi\u00e7 \u00e7amurundan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kaba kaplar, kil ‘tabakalar<\/em>‘, ev modelleri, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kil toplar vs. yapm\u0131\u015flar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gordon Childe, insan\u0131n \u00e7a\u011flar boyunca geli\u015fimini anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kendini Yaratan \u0130nsan kitab\u0131nda, \u00e7\u00f6mlek yap\u0131m i\u015finin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131n\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apta \u00e7\u00f6mlek yap\u0131m\u0131 Neolitik \u00e7a\u011fda ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. …\u0130lk insanlar i\u00e7in nesnenin niteli\u011findeki de\u011fi\u015fim, \u00e7amur ya da tozun ta\u015fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc gizsel bir i\u015flem olmal\u0131. Belki de nesne ve de\u011fi\u015fmezlik konular\u0131nda derin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnler esinlenmi\u015ftir. Yo\u011frulabilen, plastik nitelikli kille sert, kat\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6mlekler nas\u0131l ayn\u0131 nesne olabilirdi? Ate\u015fe sokulan \u00e7\u00f6mlek girerken ne bi\u00e7imde \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda da o bi\u00e7imdir, ama rengi de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir ve dokusu bamba\u015fkad\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7\u00f6mlek yap\u0131m\u0131 demek, az \u00f6nce s\u00f6z\u00fc edilen kimyasal de\u011fi\u015fimi bulmak, bu de\u011fi\u015fime ba\u015fat olmak ve bunu kullanmak demektir<\/em>.” (s. 96)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jacquett Hawkes de, The Atlas of Eariy Man (\u0130lkel \u0130nsan\u0131n Atlas\u0131) adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131nda \u00e7\u00f6mlek\u00e7ili\u011fin ilk kan\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n Za\u011fros b\u00f6lgesindeki M.\u00d6. 7000’li y\u0131llara ait tabakalardan sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yazmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mehrdad R. Izady ise, hem \u00c7ay\u00f6n\u00fc’nde hem de Ganj Dara’da (Kirman\u015fah yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda), pi\u015firilmi\u015f \u00e7anak \u00e7\u00f6mle\u011fin (pi\u015firilmi\u015f k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kil heykelciklerle birlikte) ilk kez M\u00d6. 8. biny\u0131lda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131; dayan\u0131kl\u0131 ve \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc \u00e7anak \u00e7\u00f6mle\u011fin geli\u015ftirilmesi ev ya\u015fam\u0131nda bir devrim yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bu teknolojinin di\u011fer toplumlar taraf\u0131ndan da \u0131srarla aranmaya ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, sonra b\u00fcy\u00fck bir h\u0131zla kom\u015fu b\u00f6lgelere yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve 1000 y\u0131ldan az bir zaman dilimi i\u00e7inde Ortado\u011fu’nun her taraf\u0131nda yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yazmaktad\u0131r. ( Mehrdad R. Izady, Bir El Kitab\u0131 K\u00dcRTLER, Doz Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2004, s. 64)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diyarbak\u0131r-Ergani Karayolu \u00fczerindeki Ekinciler K\u00f6y\u00fc’ne yak\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir h\u00f6y\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn yak\u0131n\u0131nda yer alan Girikihac\u0131yan H\u00f6y\u00fc\u011f\u00fc <\/em>(Hac\u0131lar Tepesi) M.\u00d6. 6000-5000 y\u0131llar\u0131na rastlayan bir erken k\u00f6y yerle\u015fme yeri olup, y\u0131\u011fma duvarlar\u0131, boyal\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6mlekleriyle \u00e7\u00f6mlekli Neoliti\u011fe aittir. Burada Prof. Dr. Halet \u00c7ambel y\u00f6netiminde, P.C. Watson’ca ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan h\u00f6y\u00fckte moloz ta\u015f duvar kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131, \u00e7akmakta\u015f\u0131, do\u011fal cam, kemik ara\u00e7lar ve tek renkli \u00e7anak-\u00e7\u00f6mle\u011fin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Teli Halaf <\/em>\u00e7anak \u00e7\u00f6mle\u011fine de rastlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Demircilik<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Demirciler demir d\u00f6\u011fer tun\u00e7 olur
Sevip sevip ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 (aman) g\u00fc\u00e7 olur”<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M.\u00d6. 1400’l\u00fc y\u0131llarda Mezopotamya’da demirin i\u015flenmesi yayg\u0131nla\u015fmaya ba\u015flay\u0131nca, zamanla \u00e7e\u015fitli alet ve silah yap\u0131m\u0131nda tuncun yerini de almaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Orta\u00e7a\u011f’da ise, g\u00fcndelik ya\u015fam\u0131n t\u00fcm alanlar\u0131na girdi. Demir maden olarak yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a ba\u015fta b\u0131\u00e7ak, k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7, balta, kalkan, m\u0131zrak ucu, g\u00fcrz gibi silahlar\u0131n; \u00e7e\u015fitli ev aletleri, \u015f\u00f6mine tak\u0131mlar\u0131, ocak, kafes, tava, kazan, kilit, h\u0131rdavat ara\u00e7 ve gere\u00e7lerin yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarihte ilk olarak demirin \u00f6nemini Mitanni’ler kavram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tarihte, metal ve demir aletleri olan okuryazar toplumlar \u00f6teki toplumlar \u00fczerinde ya \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck kurmu\u015ftur ya da onlar\u0131 yok etmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca antik\u00e7a\u011fda demir, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc de temsil etmi\u015ftir. Ucuz demir, tar\u0131m\u0131, end\u00fcstriyi ve sava\u015f\u0131 demokratikle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Friedrich Engels; demir i\u00e7in “tarihte devrimci rol oynayan b\u00fct\u00fcn ilkel maddelerin en \u00f6nemlisidir<\/em>” der; ard\u0131ndan, “Demir \u00c7a\u011f\u0131<\/em>“n\u0131 “kahramanl\u0131k \u00e7a\u011f\u0131<\/em>” olarak nitelendirir. Bu ba\u011flamda, K\u00fcrt mitoloji kahraman\u0131 Demirci Kawa’y\u0131 burada anmak laz\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Demirci Kawa: Zulme ve haks\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n; isyan, ate\u015f ve birli\u011fin sembol\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

19. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar demirden \u00fcretilen nesnelerin t\u00fcm\u00fc k\u00f6r\u00fcklenmi\u015f kor ate\u015fte \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lan demirin \u00f6rs \u00fcst\u00fcnde \u00e7eki\u00e7le d\u00f6v\u00fclmesiyle elde edilirdi. Bu gelenek 20. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar da k\u0131smen s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Sanayile\u015fme ve demir-\u00e7elik sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde d\u00fcnya \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde tekelle\u015fmenin ba\u015flamas\u0131 demircili\u011fin sonunu getirdi. Demircilik, kaybolan \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli mesleklerden biridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ergani’deki demirciler genellikle saban demiri, yaba demiri, t\u0131rpan, orak, \u00e7apa, kazma, balta, nacak, keser, dehre, bel gibi tar\u0131m, ba\u011f ve bah\u00e7e i\u015flerinde kullan\u0131lan ara\u00e7 ve gere\u00e7lerin yan\u0131nda \u00e7eki\u00e7, balyoz, bu\u011favi, nal, nal \u00e7ivisi, \u00e7an, mur\u00e7, kap\u0131 kilidi, kap\u0131 tokma\u011f\u0131, kap\u0131 \u00e7engeli gibi nesneler yaparlard\u0131. Bunlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131\u015f aylar\u0131nda yapar ve baharda da sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirirlerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Demircili\u011fin birinci kural\u0131 demiri tav\u0131nda d\u00f6vmektir. Demircilerin nefesleri kuvvetli, kollar\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve kendileri de y\u00fcrekli olur. B\u00fct\u00fcn h\u00fcneri \u00f6rs ve \u00e7eki\u00e7te sakl\u0131d\u0131r. Demircinin has\u0131 \u00e7eli\u011fe su vermesinden belli olurmu\u015f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bug\u00fcn, Ergani’de demirci Muhittin (\u00d6ztekin) mazide kalan demircilerin son temsilci olman\u0131n buruk gururuyla halen \u00e7ekiciyle \u00f6rste demiri d\u00f6vmeye devam ediyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tenekecilik<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tenekeden \u00e7e\u015fitli e\u015fya yapan ustalara tenekeci <\/em>denir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tenekeciler tenekeleri kesip bi\u00e7er, onlara \u00e7e\u015fitli \u015fekiller verir, \u00fczerlerine kabartmalar yapar ve lehim yaparak par\u00e7alar\u0131 birle\u015ftirir.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"
Ergani. Tenekeci Ya\u015far A\u015fk\u0131n sacdan banyo kazan\u0131 yap\u0131yor. Foto: Esat Ta\u015ftekin<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Teneke yumu\u015fak \u00e7elikten \u00fcretilen, \u00fczeri kalay kapl\u0131 ince sacd\u0131r. Binalarda \u00e7ortan, \u00e7at\u0131 oluklar\u0131, soba, soba boru ve dirsekleri, ma\u015frapalar, idare lambalar\u0131, huniler, f\u0131skiyeler, pekmez ve ya\u011f-peynir kaplar\u0131… tenekeci ustalar\u0131n h\u00fcnerli ellerinden \u00e7\u0131kan ara\u00e7 gere\u00e7lerden birka\u00e7\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sac makas\u0131, tokmak, \u00e7eki\u00e7, \u00f6rs, mengene, mangal, k\u00f6r\u00fck, lehim (kalay ve kur\u015fun kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131), ni\u015fad\u0131r (amonyak tuzu), havya (\u00e7eki\u00e7 bi\u00e7iminde ucu bak\u0131r alet), tuz ruhu (hidroklorik asit) tenekecilerin kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u00e7 ve malzemelerin baz\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r. Tenekeciler hidroklorik asitte \u00e7inko par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131 eriterek \u00e7inkoklor\u00fcr elde ederler. Lehim yap\u0131m\u0131nda bu asiti kullan\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lehim yap\u0131l\u0131rken \u00f6nce k\u00f6m\u00fcr mangal\u0131nda havya \u0131s\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r ve sabun kal\u0131b\u0131 bi\u00e7imindeki ni\u015fad\u0131ra s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Sonra lehime de\u011fdirilerek bir miktar lehim eriyerek havyan\u0131n u\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131na yap\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 sa\u011flan\u0131r. Lehim yap\u0131lacak zemin veya nesne daha \u00f6nce tuz ruhu ile temizlenmesi gerekmektedir. Bu i\u015flem yap\u0131lmazsa lehim tutmaz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ergani’de -bildi\u011fim kadar\u0131yla- “Tenekeciler<\/em>” lakab\u0131yla bilinen aile tenekecilik mesle\u011fini yapan eski ailelerden biridir. 1960’l\u0131, 1970’li y\u0131llarda Ergani’de Tenekeci Ferit (\u00d6zbilici) ve Tenekeci Haci (Hac\u0131 Demir) bu i\u015fi yapanlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda gelirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Di\u011fer kaybolan meslekler gibi tenekecilik de, g\u0131da, ambalaj ve teknoloji sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn geli\u015fmesi, maden k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u0131s\u0131tmada kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 ve kaloriferli \u0131s\u0131tma sistemlerinin refah nedeniyle tercih edilmesi gibi nedenlerden g\u00f6zden d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kalayc\u0131l\u0131k<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

“D\u00fcriyemin g\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmleri kalayl\u0131
Fistan giymi\u015f etekleri alayl\u0131”<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kalay, geli\u015fimini bak\u0131r kaplara bor\u00e7ludur ya da tam tersi, bak\u0131r kaplar geli\u015fimini kalaya bor\u00e7ludur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kalay\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 bak\u0131r\u0131n mutfakta geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kullan\u0131m\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. Bak\u0131r kaplar tek ba\u015f\u0131na kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hava ile temas\u0131 sonucu oksitlenmesi (kararmas\u0131) ve yiyecek, i\u00e7ecekle temas\u0131 sonucuyla da y\u00fczeyde bak\u0131rs\u00fclfat\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131 (ye\u015fillenmesi) sonucu \u2013ki buna ya\u015fl\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131z cenk <\/em>derdi- zehirlenmelere ve \u00f6l\u00fcmlere neden oluyordu. Kalay\u0131n bak\u0131rla i\u015fbirli\u011fi, kalayc\u0131l\u0131k <\/em>denen bir mesle\u011fi ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bak\u0131r kaplar\u0131n \u00fczerini kalayla kaplayanlara kalayc\u0131 <\/em>denir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kalaylanacak kaplar \u00f6nce \u00f6rs ve \u00e7eki\u00e7le d\u00fczeltilir. Ezik ve k\u0131r\u0131k yerler d\u00fczeltilir, gerekirse yama veya kaynak yap\u0131l\u0131r. Sonra kum ve k\u00f6m\u00fcr par\u00e7alar\u0131 ile temizlenir. Oksitlenen, kararan veya kalay yap\u0131lacak yerler parlat\u0131l\u0131r, y\u0131kan\u0131r ve kurutulur. Bu i\u015f i\u00e7in genellikle el ve ayaklar kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Kalayc\u0131lar elleriyle duvardaki veya en yak\u0131n\u0131ndaki elle tutulacak \u015feylere tutunup, kal\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011fa ve sola \u00e7evirerek ayaklar\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131ndaki kaplar\u0131n temizli\u011fini kum ve k\u00f6m\u00fcr tanecikleri yard\u0131m\u0131yla yaparlar. “Ne k\u0131v\u0131r\u0131yorsun <\/em>?” s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn buradan geldi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Temizlenen kap, k\u00f6r\u00fckle harlanm\u0131\u015f ate\u015fin bulundu\u011fu ocakta \u0131s\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r. Kalay\u0131n tutmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kab\u0131n i\u00e7ine toz ni\u015fad\u0131r at\u0131l\u0131r. Sonra kalay par\u00e7as\u0131 biraz \u0131s\u0131nan kaba s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr, bir par\u00e7a erimesi sa\u011flan\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck bir bez par\u00e7as\u0131 yard\u0131m\u0131yla eriyen kalay kab\u0131n kalaylanacak y\u00fczeyine tamamen yay\u0131l\u0131r. Kalaylanma i\u015fi tamamlan\u0131ncaya kadar bu i\u015fleme devam edilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bak\u0131rdan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kazan, te\u015ft, sini, ku\u015fhana, lengeri, tas, sapl\u0131, sahan, k\u0131rp\u0131kl\u0131 sahan, tava, tun\u00e7 kulplu tava, cezve, s\u0131t\u0131l (bakra\u00e7) gibi ev ve mutfak gere\u00e7leri kalaylan\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"
Ergani. Kalayc\u0131 Musa Utku d\u00fckk\u00e2nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, Foto: Esat Ta\u015ftekin<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Baz\u0131 meslekler gibi kalayc\u0131l\u0131k da art\u0131k t\u00fckenme noktas\u0131ndad\u0131r. Parlak zamanlar\u0131n\u0131 bak\u0131r\u0131n mutfak e\u015fyas\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na bor\u00e7lu olan kalayc\u0131l\u0131k, bak\u0131r\u0131n mutfaklardan \u00e7ekilmesiyle meslek olarak sona yakla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde melamin kaplar\u0131n, plastik kaplar\u0131n, emaye kaplamal\u0131 kaplar\u0131n, al\u00fcminyum kaplar\u0131n, porselen kaplar\u0131n ve daha \u00e7ok da kullan\u0131m kolayl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00e7e\u015fit zenginli\u011fi nedeniyle paslanmaz \u00e7elik ve cam kaplar\u0131n geni\u015f \u015fekilde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 bu mesle\u011fe olan ihtiyac\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rd\u0131. Kalayc\u0131l\u0131k ekmek kap\u0131s\u0131 olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 diyebiliriz. Turistlere y\u00f6nelik bak\u0131r e\u015fya imalat\u0131 az da olsa kalayc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 biraz da olsa devam ettirmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ergani’de benim tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131m Kalayc\u0131lar halim-selim ve sab\u0131rl\u0131 insanlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00f6ylerde bu i\u015fi genellikle Kar\u00e2\u00e7i <\/em>veya \u00c2\u015f\u0131k<\/em>\/ M\u0131tr\u0131p <\/em>denilen g\u00f6\u00e7ebeler yapard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hanc\u0131l\u0131k ve Nalbantl\u0131k<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Evlerinin \u00f6n\u00fc hand\u0131r
Yanar y\u00fcre\u011fim k\u00fclhand\u0131r”<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eskiden otel ve motorlu ta\u015f\u0131t yoktu. Ba\u015fka il ve il\u00e7elerden y\u00fck ve binek hayvanlar\u0131yla gelenler veya k\u00f6ylerden hayvanlar\u0131yla \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini pazarda satmaya getiren k\u00f6yl\u00fcler, hem kendileri, hem de hayvanlar\u0131yla birlikte kervansaraylar\u0131nda veya hanlarda kal\u0131rlard\u0131. Han sahiplerine veya i\u015fletenlere hanc\u0131 <\/em>denirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ergani’de kervansaray\u0131 oldu\u011funu duymad\u0131m, ama Hilar’da Riya Bezirgana<\/em>‘y\u0131 (Bezirgan Yolu’nu) duydum. Bu yol, Anadolu’dan gelip, Diyarbak\u0131r \u00fczerinden Mezopotamya ve do\u011fuda \u0130ran’a, \u00c7in’e giden b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ticaret yoludur. \u015eimdi arkeolojik kaz\u0131 yap\u0131lan \u00c7ay\u00f6n\u00fc tepesiyle \u00e7ay\u0131n aras\u0131ndan ge\u00e7erdi. Kaz\u0131 sebebiyle bu yol kayboldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1960’l\u0131, 1970’li y\u0131llarda Ergani’de bir\u00e7ok han vard\u0131. Hanc\u0131 Ahmet (U\u00e7ar)’in, Hanc\u0131 Ali (?)’in, Hanc\u0131 \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc (\u0130\u015f\u00e7i)’n\u00fcn, Hanc\u0131 Kemal (\u0130\u015f\u00e7i)’in hanlar\u0131 gibi…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ula\u015f\u0131m arac\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesi ve motorlu ta\u015f\u0131t ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131; otel-motel gibi konaklama yerlerinin her yerde yap\u0131lmas\u0131 nedeniyle kervansaraylar, hanlar tarihe kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u015eimdi Ergani’de han var m\u0131, bilemiyorum.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"
Ergani. Nalbant G\u00fcven \u0130\u015f\u00e7i i\u015f ba\u015f\u0131nda… \u00a0Foto: Esat Ta\u015ftekin<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

nlarda, ayr\u0131ca atlar\u0131n, kat\u0131rlar\u0131n, e\u015feklerin ayaklar\u0131na, daha do\u011frusu toynaklar\u0131na koruma amac\u0131yla U \u015feklinde demircilerin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 nal \u00e7ak\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Bu nal\u0131 \u00e7akan zanaatk\u00e2rlara nalbant <\/em>denirdi. Baz\u0131 hanlarda hanc\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda nalbantl\u0131kta yapard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayaklar\u0131na nal \u00e7ak\u0131lacak hayvan, handa \u00f6nce bir yere yular\u0131ndan ba\u011flan\u0131rd\u0131. Sonra bir yard\u0131mc\u0131 hayvan\u0131n nal vurulacak aya\u011f\u0131n\u0131 geriye do\u011fru kald\u0131r\u0131p tutard\u0131. Nalbant, hayvan\u0131 ok\u015fay\u0131p severek, hayvan\u0131n aya\u011f\u0131na \u00f6zenle bakarak t\u0131rna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 muayene ederdi. T\u0131rnak fazlal\u0131klar\u0131 bir keskiyle al\u0131n\u0131r, t\u0131rnak alt\u0131 d\u00fczeltilirdi. Daha sonra t\u0131rnak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fc al\u0131n\u0131p yan\u0131ndaki nallardan uygun olan\u0131n\u0131 se\u00e7erdi. S\u0131rayla hayvan\u0131n aya\u011f\u0131na, daha do\u011frusu t\u0131rna\u011f\u0131na \u00e7ivileri \u00e7ak\u0131p nal\u0131 tuttururdu. Bu \u015fekilde hayvan\u0131n aya\u011f\u0131na ta\u015f, \u00e7ak\u0131l benzeri sert cisimlerin batmas\u0131, t\u0131rna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n a\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 ve ac\u0131 \u00e7ekmesi \u00f6nlenmi\u015f olunurdu. Nal \u00e7ak\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda t\u0131rnak a\u015f\u0131n\u0131r ve hayvan her ad\u0131m att\u0131\u011f\u0131nda t\u0131rnak k\u0131sm\u0131ndaki hassas dokular ac\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan hayvan ac\u0131 \u00e7eker; i\u015f ve yolculuk aksard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nala \u00e7ivi \u00e7ak\u0131l\u0131rken hayvan\u0131n can\u0131 yanmazd\u0131, ama baz\u0131 hayvanlara nal \u00e7akarken nalbantlar \u00e7ok zahmet \u00e7ekerlerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7ulculuk<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7ul<\/em>: Beygir, kat\u0131r, e\u015fek gibi hayvanlar\u0131n s\u0131rt\u0131na y\u00fck ba\u011flamak ve binmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan a\u011fa\u00e7 bir iskelet \u00fcst\u00fcndeki has\u0131r\/ sazla doldurulmu\u015f alt k\u0131sm\u0131 ke\u00e7e, \u00fcst k\u0131sm\u0131 genellikle desenli kilim veya \u00e7ul ile kaplanm\u0131\u015f bir t\u00fcr yatak<\/em>t\u0131r. \u00c7ula, semer <\/em>de denilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7ul yapanlara, \u00e7ulcu <\/em>veya semerci <\/em>denir. S\u0131rt hamallar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131rtlar\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 arkal\u0131\u011fa da semer <\/em>denir; bu iki semer birbirinden farkl\u0131d\u0131r, kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmamak laz\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"
Ergani. \u00c7ulcu Mehmet (?) dinlenme an\u0131nda sigaras\u0131n\u0131 t\u00fctt\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Foto: Esat Ta\u015ftekin<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Eskiden g\u00f6\u00e7ebe toplumlar, kervanlar, seyyar sat\u0131c\u0131lar, k\u00f6yl\u00fcler… e\u015fya ve y\u00fcklerini \u00fczerlerinde \u00e7ul\/ semer olan hayvanlar sayesinde kolayl\u0131kla ta\u015f\u0131yabiliyorlard\u0131. Bu \u00e7ul sayesinde hayvanlar\u0131n v\u00fccudu ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131 y\u00fcklerden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc zarar g\u00f6rmeleri engellenmi\u015f, korunmu\u015f olunurdu. Ayr\u0131ca binicilerin at, kat\u0131r ve e\u015fek \u00fczerinden d\u00fc\u015fmemesi ve\/ veya kaymamas\u0131 da sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f olunurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7ulcunun \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc birimi ya kar\u0131\u015flar\u0131 veya \u00e7ula att\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7entikleriydi. \u00c7ulu yap\u0131lacak hayvan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcleri bunlarla al\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131. \u0130yi bir ustan\u0131n elinden \u00e7\u0131kan \u00e7ul, hayvan\u0131n s\u0131rt\u0131na vuruldu\u011funda hayvana kesinlikle zarar vermezdi, bir tak\u0131m elbise gibi hayvan\u0131n \u00fczerine otururdu. \u00c7ulcular zaten kendilerini “hayvan terzisi<\/em>” olarak nitelendirirlerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130yi bir \u00e7ulcu, hayvan\u0131n boyun b\u00f6lgesine gelen k\u0131sm\u0131 dikerken diki\u015f aralar\u0131na mavi boncuk koymay\u0131 ihmal etmezdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7ul yap\u0131m\u0131nda, a\u011fa\u00e7 iskeleler, ke\u00e7e, kilim, has\u0131r veya kam\u0131\u015f, deri kemerler, g\u0131nnap\/ k\u0131rnap ve \u00e7e\u015fitli ip t\u00fcrleri gibi malzemeler kullan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. \u00c7ulcu \u00e7ul yap\u0131m\u0131nda i\u011fne, \u00e7uvald\u0131z, makas, keski, biz, keser, testere, \u00e7eki\u00e7 gibi aletler kullan\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7ul veya semer, bir zamanlar y\u00fck ve binek hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131n vazge\u00e7ilmez bir donan\u0131m\u0131yd\u0131. Binlerce y\u0131l ula\u015f\u0131mda kullan\u0131lan at, kat\u0131r ve e\u015feklerin yerini motorlu ta\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131n almas\u0131; karayolu, demiryolu, denizyolu ve havayolu ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesi ve yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 neticesinde \u00e7ulculuk\/ semercilik kaybolan bir meslek durumuna d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ergani’de 1960’l\u0131 y\u0131llarda \u00c7ulcu Fedli (Ayd\u0131n) \u00e7ulcular\u0131n piriydi diyebilirim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nal\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Aya\u011f\u0131na giymi\u015f sedef n\u00e2lini
Gu\u015fanm\u0131\u015f beline Acem \u015f\u00e2lini
A\u015fka d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcm kimse bilmez h\u00e2limi”<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ceviz, dut ve me\u015fe gibi suya ve a\u015f\u0131nmaya dayan\u0131kl\u0131 a\u011fa\u00e7lardan yap\u0131lan ve ayakkab\u0131 niyetine giyilen veya hamam, banyo gibi \u0131slak zeminlerde giyilen \u00fcst\u00fc atk\u0131l\u0131, y\u00fcksek tabanl\u0131 ayakkab\u0131lara nal\u0131n<\/em>, takunya<\/em>; bunlar\u0131 yapan ustalara da, nal\u0131nc\u0131 ustas\u0131<\/em>, habbap\u00e7\u0131 <\/em>veya takunyac\u0131 <\/em>denirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Takunyac\u0131<\/em>” deyimi bir aralar dinsel gericili\u011fi ifade etmek, yermek i\u00e7in de kullan\u0131lmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nal\u0131n, lastik ve plasti\u011fin hen\u00fcz \u00fcretime girmedi\u011fi zamanlarda g\u00f6zde giyeceklerdendi. Sedef kakmal\u0131s\u0131 ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f i\u015flemelisinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra halhall\u0131 <\/em>olan\u0131 da vard\u0131. Baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerine g\u00fcl, \u00e7i\u00e7ek ve sevimli hayvan motifleri de yap\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Plasti\u011fin \u00fcretim malzemesi olarak kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanmas\u0131, seri ve daha ucuz plastik terliklerin \u00fcretimi nal\u0131n\u0131n “pabucunu dama att\u0131<\/em>“.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nal\u0131nc\u0131 keseri, testere, t\u00f6rp\u00fc, nal\u0131nc\u0131 \u00e7ivisi, makas, k\u00f6\u015fker b\u0131\u00e7a\u011f\u0131, k\u00f6sele, deri, vernik ve a\u011fa\u00e7 boyas\u0131 nal\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan ara\u00e7 ve malzemelerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ergani’de nal\u0131nc\u0131 ustalar\u0131 var m\u0131yd\u0131? Ben, hat\u0131rlam\u0131yorum. Kan\u0131mca, nal\u0131nlar daha \u00e7ok \u00c7ermik ve Diyarbak\u0131r’dan getiriliyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amcam Yahya (\u00dcz\u00fclmez), gen\u00e7li\u011finde -k\u0131tl\u0131k y\u0131llar\u0131nda- genelde Ergani’de yoksul bir ya\u015fam oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, do\u011fru d\u00fcr\u00fcst yiyecek ve giyecek bulamad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, ayakkab\u0131 yerine nal\u0131n giydi\u011fini, \u00e7o\u011fu kez keserle nal\u0131n\u0131n\u0131 kendisinin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve nal\u0131nla da\u011flarda \u00e7obanl\u0131k dahi yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 halen zaman zaman anlatmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sepet\u00e7ilik – K\u00fcfecilik<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Saz, kam\u0131\u015f, bu\u011fday sap\u0131 gibi esnek dal veya liflerden yiyecek veya e\u015fya ta\u015f\u0131mak i\u00e7in \u00f6r\u00fclerek yap\u0131lan kulplu kaplara sepet<\/em>, bunlar\u0131 yapanlara da sepet\u00e7i <\/em>denir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7ay\u00f6n\u00fc’nde yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131larda duvarlar\u0131 kam\u0131\u015ftan \u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f evler bulunmu\u015ftur. Ayr\u0131ca, \u00c7ay\u00f6n\u00fc insanlar\u0131 \u00f6rd\u00fckleri de\u011fi\u015fik boyda sepetleri zamanla kerpi\u00e7 topra\u011f\u0131 ile s\u0131vay\u0131p kaba kil kaplar yapm\u0131\u015flar, bazen de b\u00fcy\u00fck zahire ambarlar\u0131… Bilim adamlar\u0131na g\u00f6re, neolitik insan\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcr tarihine katk\u0131lar\u0131ndan biri de sepet\u00e7iliktir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sepetler kullan\u0131m alanlar\u0131na veya i\u015flevlerine g\u00f6re isimler al\u0131r: \u00dcz\u00fcm sepeti, yumurta sepeti, \u00e7ama\u015f\u0131r sepeti, \u00e7i\u00e7ek sepeti gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sepetin kaba \u00f6rg\u00fcl\u00fc olan\u0131na k\u00fcfe <\/em>denir. K\u00fcfeler \u00e7e\u015fitli adlar alabilirler: Hamal k\u00fcfesi, zahire k\u00fcfesi gibi. B\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00fcfeler zahire ambarlar\u0131nda zahire saklanmas\u0131 veya tohumluk tah\u0131llar\u0131n saklanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in de kullan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. K\u00fcfeler, s\u00f6\u011f\u00fct veya benzeri a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n dallar\u0131n\u0131n yar\u0131larak elde edilen dilimlerinin \u00f6r\u00fclmesi ile yap\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. S\u0131rtta ta\u015f\u0131nan k\u00fcfelerde ayr\u0131ca kay\u0131\u015f veya halat ask\u0131l\u0131klarda bulunurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdullah (\u00dcz\u00fclmez) dedemin kilerinde, tah\u0131l tohumlar\u0131n\u0131 fare ve zararl\u0131 b\u00f6ceklerden korumak i\u00e7in, bir insan\u0131n boyunu a\u015fan \u00e7amurla s\u0131val\u0131 ve a\u011fz\u0131 kapakl\u0131 4-5 tane zahire k\u00fcfesi\/ sepeti oldu\u011funu bilirim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sepet\u00e7ilik ve k\u00fcfecilik ta\u015f\u0131ma sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn geli\u015fmesi, plastik ve plastik t\u00fcrevi maddelerden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f benzer malzemelerin kolay ve seri yap\u0131m\u0131, ekonomik olu\u015fu nedeniyle bu meslek de \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ergani’de bildi\u011fim kadar\u0131yla sepet yapan yoktu; Kar\u00e2\u00e7\u00ee <\/em>veya M\u0131tr\u0131p<\/em>\/ \u00c2\u015f\u0131k <\/em>denilen g\u00f6\u00e7ebe K\u00fcrtler \u00f6rd\u00fckleri sepet veya k\u00fcfeleri, zembilleri \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131 ve mahallelerde satmaya getirirlerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sepet ve sepet\u00e7ileri burada anlat\u0131rken, K\u00fcrt edebiyat\u0131nda, bir a\u015fk destan\u0131 olarak \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir yeri olan Zemb\u00eelfiro\u015f’u da burada anmak gerekir. Bu destan, bir sepet sat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n a\u015fk\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7er\u00e7ilik<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u011fneden ipli\u011fe, aynadan c\u0131mb\u0131za, boncuktan oyunca\u011fa, astardan kuma\u015fa her t\u00fcrl\u00fc nesneyi bir e\u015fek, beygir veya at \u00fczerinde veya at arabalar\u0131nda k\u00f6y k\u00f6y, mahalle mahalle gezip dola\u015farak satan seyyar sat\u0131c\u0131lara \u00e7er\u00e7i <\/em>denir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir k\u00f6ye \u00e7er\u00e7i gitti\u011finde kad\u0131nlar, k\u0131zlar, \u00e7ocuklar \u00e7er\u00e7inin etraf\u0131na \u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015ferek; ya\u011f, peynir, y\u00fcn, arpa, dar\u0131, mercimek gibi \u00fcr\u00fcnler kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda baz\u0131 nesneleri al\u0131rlard\u0131. Karayollar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesi ve motorlu ara\u00e7lar\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131, ticari sat\u0131\u015f a\u011f ve y\u00f6ntemlerinin ilerlemesi ve marketler zincirinin en \u00fccra k\u00f6\u015felere bile burnunu sokmas\u0131 sonucu bu meslek tamamen \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ge\u00e7mi\u015fte \u00e7er\u00e7ilerin bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi de k\u00f6yler aras\u0131nda, beyler\/ a\u011falar aras\u0131nda, a\u015firetler aras\u0131nda, sevgililer aras\u0131nda, d\u00fc\u015fman aileler\/ a\u015firetler aras\u0131nda, \u00e2\u015f\u0131klar\/ sevenler aras\u0131nda haber ta\u015f\u0131makt\u0131. \u00c7er\u00e7iler, bu haber ta\u015f\u0131may\u0131 bazen para kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bazen de “Allah r\u0131zas\u0131<\/em>” i\u00e7in yaparlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7er\u00e7ilerin \u00e7o\u011fu kez y\u0131lanvari k\u0131vrak davran\u0131\u015f sergilerlerdi; bazen de, ak g\u00fcvercin gibi bir safl\u0131k ve temiz i\u00e7inde olurlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Tarihe Kar\u0131\u015fan E\u015fyalar, Mekanlar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

uzak bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fte de\u011fil de
sanki d\u00fcn olmu\u015f gibi bir \u015feyler
k\u0131p\u0131rdar hep i\u00e7imde<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaybolan meslekler gibi, ge\u00e7mi\u015fte kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z, ama bug\u00fcn art\u0131k g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fant\u0131m\u0131zda yer almayan veya hemen hemen unuttu\u011fumuz, kullan\u0131lmayan baz\u0131 mek\u00e2nlardan, e\u015fyalardan, nesnelerden s\u00f6z etmek istiyorum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu mek\u00e2nlar\u0131, e\u015fyalar\u0131 veya nesneleri an\u0131msay\u0131p anlatmak o g\u00fcnlerin ya\u015fam\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fsel bir yolculu\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kmak gibi bir \u015fey. Bug\u00fcn g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fant\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n vard\u0131\u011f\u0131 noktan\u0131n bilince \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 ve sanayi toplumunda \u00fcretim ve t\u00fcketim ili\u015fkilerinin bir sonucu olarak t\u00fcketim toplumu olman\u0131n bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi gere\u011fi baz\u0131 mek\u00e2nlar\u0131n, e\u015fyalar\u0131n, ara\u00e7lar\u0131n kullan\u0131mdan nas\u0131l kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ya da nesnelerin bi\u00e7im de\u011fi\u015ftirerek bir \u00fcst a\u015famaya evrildi\u011fini g\u00f6rmektir ayn\u0131 zamanda; sosyal ve ekonomik geli\u015fmenin bir sonucu olarak rahat ve konforlu bir ya\u015fama ge\u00e7i\u015f s\u00fcrecine tan\u0131kl\u0131k demektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u015fte bizleri “ge\u00e7mi\u015fe g\u00f6t\u00fcrecek<\/em>” mek\u00e2n, e\u015fya ve nesnelerden baz\u0131lar\u0131:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kiler<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kiler<\/em>, evlerin zahire odas\u0131d\u0131r. Evin yazl\u0131k, k\u0131\u015fl\u0131k b\u00fct\u00fcn yiyecekleri bu odada korunurdu. Eskiden evler betonarme olmad\u0131klar\u0131ndan, ta\u015f veya kerpi\u00e7 kal\u0131n duvarlardan yap\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc yaz aylar\u0131nda bile serin olurdu. Genellikle evlerin en serin odas\u0131 kiler olarak se\u00e7ilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kilerde, i\u00e7inde kat\u0131 veya s\u0131v\u0131 yiyeceklerin, i\u00e7eceklerin oldu\u011fu kaplar, k\u00fcpler, torbalar, turikler, ender olarak da telli ekmek ve yemek dolab\u0131 bulunurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Evlerde mutfak dedi\u011fimiz b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fant\u0131m\u0131za girmesi, hem ev i\u00e7inde ve hem de mutfaklarda ba\u015fta buzdolab\u0131 olmak \u00fczere teknoloji \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fik ara\u00e7 ve gere\u00e7lerin kullan\u0131m\u0131 sonucu kiler ve kiler k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc yok oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tel Dolap<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tel dolap<\/em>, i\u00e7ersine ekmek ve yiyeceklerin konuldu\u011fu bir dolapt\u0131r. Dolap pervazlar\u0131nda cam yerine; dolab\u0131n hava almas\u0131, sineklerin ve b\u00f6ceklerin i\u00e7ine girmemesi, i\u00e7indeki yiyecek ve ekme\u011fin bozulmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in ince tel elek olurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu tel dolaplar baz\u0131 evlerde kilere konulurdu; baz\u0131 evlerin ise tel dolaptan haberi yoktu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Teknolojik geli\u015fme sonunda bu dolaplar \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc tamamlad\u0131, ya\u015fant\u0131m\u0131zdan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Tel dolap ve kilerdeki bir\u00e7ok nesnenin yerini mutfak dolaplar\u0131, buzdolab\u0131, derin dondurucu gibi ev gere\u00e7leri ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fcp<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fcp<\/em>, eskiden evlerde bulunan bir gere\u00e7ti. Kullan\u0131m \u00f6zelliklerine g\u00f6re evlerde kapakl\u0131 kapaks\u0131z renk renk, boy boy \u00e7anak k\u00fcpler vard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Su k\u00fcp\u00fc<\/em>, buzdolab\u0131n\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zamanlarda, yaz\u0131n i\u00e7ersine konulan suyu so\u011fuk tutmaya yarard\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca evlerde su tesisat\u0131n\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u015febeke suyunun bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zamanlarda ortak kullan\u0131lan \u00e7e\u015fmelerden, g\u00f6zelerden, p\u0131narlardan, kuyulardan getirilen i\u00e7me suyunun muhafazas\u0131, depolanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in de kullan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Su k\u00fcpleri, genellikle kahve renkli, s\u0131rs\u0131z olurdu ve yan\u0131nda da mutlaka bir su tas\u0131 bulunurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kavurma k\u00fcp\u00fc<\/em>, i\u00e7ersine kavurma koymak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Eskiden g\u0131da sekt\u00f6r\u00fc ve teknoloji fazla geli\u015fmedi\u011finden, g\u00fcz\u00fcn yap\u0131lan kavurma k\u0131\u015f aylar\u0131nda t\u00fcketilirdi. Bu s\u00fcre i\u00e7ersinde kavurmalar bozulmas\u0131n diye k\u00fcplerde korunurdu. Bu k\u00fcpler genellikle ye\u015fil renkli ve s\u0131rl\u0131 olurdu. K\u0131\u015fl\u0131k peynirler de bu t\u00fcr k\u00fcplere bas\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Ne demi\u015fler: “Kara koyun etli olur\/ Kavurmas\u0131 tatl\u0131 olur<\/em>“.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zahire k\u00fcpleri<\/em>, kiler veya zahire odas\u0131nda bulunan bulgur, pirin\u00e7, mercimek gibi zahirenin her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ha\u015fere ve farelere kar\u015f\u0131 korunmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. \u00c7e\u015fitli boyda, renk renktiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayr\u0131ca \u00e7ift\u00e7i ailelerin evinde tohumluk arpa, bu\u011fday, dar\u0131 gibi tah\u0131llar\u0131n k\u0131\u015f\u0131n muhafaza edildi\u011fi insan boyunu a\u015fan k\u00fcplerde bulunurdu. \u015earap k\u00fcp\u00fc <\/em>ve alt\u0131n k\u00fcp\u00fc<\/em>‘n\u00fc de unutmamal\u0131y\u0131z!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Buzdolab\u0131, mutfak dolaplar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131yla birlikte k\u00fcpler tarih oldu. \u015eimdi i\u015fyerlerinde, evlerde aksesuar olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bardak\/ Habene\/ Testi<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eskiden her evde mutlaka bir testi olurdu. Testi, \u00e7anak-\u00e7\u00f6mlekten yap\u0131lan ve yaz aylar\u0131nda i\u00e7ine konulan suyu so\u011futmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131lan bir ev gereciydi. Testiye Erganiler bardak<\/em>, \u00c7ermikliler habene <\/em>derdi. Testiler \u00e7e\u015fitli boylarda, tek veya \u00e7ift kulplu olurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Su g\u00f6ze, \u00e7e\u015fme veya p\u0131nardan testiye doldurulurdu. Suyu daha iyi so\u011futmas\u0131 i\u00e7in genellikle d\u0131\u015f kap\u0131 yan\u0131nda veya serin ve g\u00f6lgelik yerlerde bulundurulurdu. \u0130\u00e7ersine y\u0131lan, akrep ve ba\u015fka b\u00f6cekler girmesin diye testinin a\u011fz\u0131na ya bir t\u00fclbent ba\u011flan\u0131rd\u0131 ya da bir kapakla a\u011fz\u0131 s\u00fcrekli kapal\u0131 tutulurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Testi; buzdolab\u0131, kar ve buzun olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zamanlarda yaz\u0131n tarlada, ba\u011fda, bah\u00e7ede, \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131da, evde \u00e7ok y\u00fcrek ferahlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Evlerde musluklardan \u015febeke suyunun akmas\u0131; her k\u00f6\u015fe ba\u015f\u0131nda pet \u015fi\u015fe ve benzeri ambalajlarda de\u011fi\u015fik hacimde so\u011fuk su ve i\u00e7eceklerin sat\u0131lmas\u0131; buzdolab\u0131, derin dondurucu, sebil gibi beyaz e\u015fya \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin her yerde kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanmas\u0131 testileri\/ bardaklar\u0131\/ habeneleri g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fant\u0131m\u0131zdan \u00e7\u0131kartt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tas<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Alt\u0131n tasta g\u00fcl kuruttum
Y\u00e2ri sinemde uyuttum”<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tas<\/em>, su barda\u011f\u0131 yerine kullan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Kalayl\u0131 bak\u0131r taslar su, ayran, \u015ferbet i\u00e7meye ayr\u0131 bir lezzet verirdi. \u00c7e\u015fitli b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte olurlard\u0131. Baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yanda sar\u0131 madenden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kulplar\u0131 da olurdu. Su tas\u0131, ayran tas\u0131 \u015feklinde adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tas, ayr\u0131ca hacim olarak alaca\u011f\u0131 miktara g\u00f6re bazen \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc i\u00e7in de kullan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131: Bir tas bulgur, iki tas ya\u011f gibi…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cam bardak ve porselen kupalar\u0131n taslara oranla daha zarif, daha ekonomik, daha kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131 ve daha pratik olu\u015flar\u0131 nedeniyle daha fazla tercih edilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tas \u015fimdi baz\u0131 otantik lokantalarda ayran tas\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Te\u015ft<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Te\u015ft<\/em>, \u00e7e\u015fitli ama\u00e7larla kullan\u0131lan bir ev gerecidir. Sac, bak\u0131r, plastik gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli malzemeden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00e7ukur bir kapt\u0131r. \u00c7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli boyutlarda olabilirler. Ama ortalama 15- 20 cm. y\u00fcksekli\u011finde, 30- 60 cm \u00e7ap\u0131ndad\u0131r. Kullan\u0131m ama\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rlar: \u00c7ama\u015f\u0131r te\u015fti, hamur te\u015fti, sal\u00e7a te\u015fti gibi. Te\u015ftin di\u011fer ad\u0131, le\u011fen<\/em>dir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hamur te\u015fti<\/em>, i\u00e7inde un elemeye, hamur yo\u011furmaya, hamuru mayaland\u0131rmaya (ek\u015fimeye) veya hamuru f\u0131r\u0131na pi\u015firmeye g\u00f6t\u00fcrmede kullan\u0131lan le\u011fendir. Yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131kla esrar i\u00e7en bir annenin, un elerken, unu odan\u0131n i\u00e7inde her tarafa elemesi sonucu, o\u011fluna s\u00f6yledi\u011fi iddia edilen “Anan i\u00e7in her taraf te\u015ft o\u011flum!<\/em>” deyi\u015fini burada bir anekdot olarak anabiliriz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7ama\u015f\u0131r te\u015fti<\/em>, i\u00e7inde \u00e7ama\u015f\u0131r y\u0131kanan le\u011fenidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bak\u0131r ve kalayl\u0131 te\u015ftler bazen de d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn, s\u00fcnnet gibi t\u00f6renlerde yemek pi\u015firmede de kullan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Te\u015ft eskisi kadar olmasa da bug\u00fcn halen kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ku\u015fhana<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Et koydum tencereye
Y\u00e2r geldi pencereye”<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u00e7inde yemek pi\u015firilen bir t\u00fcr metal kapt\u0131r. Tencere de diyebilirsiniz. Ku\u015fhanalar genellikle bak\u0131rdan ve kalayl\u0131 olurdu. Ku\u015fhana; ocakta, malt\u0131zda, mangal ve soba \u00fcst\u00fcnde i\u00e7inde yemek pi\u015firmek, s\u00fct kaynatmak, su \u0131s\u0131tmak i\u00e7in en \u00e7ok kullan\u0131lan ev gere\u00e7lerindendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7\u00f6m\u00e7e<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7\u00f6m\u00e7e<\/em>, a\u011fa\u00e7tan veya metalden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fck, yuvarlak bir ka\u015f\u0131kt\u0131r. \u00c7\u00f6m\u00e7eye kep\u00e7e de diyebiliriz. Yemek kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmada, yemekleri kaplara bo\u015faltmada ve bi\u015fme\/ ba\u011fbozumu zaman\u0131 kazandan bulama\u00e7 <\/em>bo\u015faltmada kullan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sapl\u0131<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sapl\u0131<\/em>, 20-30 cm. uzunlu\u011funda a\u011fa\u00e7tan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f sap\u0131 bulunan bir t\u00fcr b\u00fcy\u00fck bak\u0131r tast\u0131r. Derin tavaya benzer. Ba\u011f bozumunda, yani bi\u015fmede \u015fire (\u015f\u0131ra) aktarmada, \u015fire savurmada, kazandan pekmez al\u0131m\u0131nda ya da bo\u015falt\u0131lmas\u0131nda; \u00e7ama\u015f\u0131r, banyo ve \u00f6l\u00fc y\u0131kamalar\u0131nda kazandan s\u0131cak su al\u0131m\u0131nda sapl\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Uzun a\u011fa\u00e7 sap\u0131 sayesinde eller yanmazd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sini<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sini<\/em>, kahvalt\u0131 yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 veya yemek yenilece\u011fi zamanlar yiyecek ve i\u00e7eceklerin sofrada \u00fczerine konuldu\u011fu bak\u0131rdan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir ev gerecidir. Sinilere safra altl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da diyebiliriz. Yuvarlak olup, bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u00fcretim a\u015famas\u0131ndayken \u00fczerlerine desenler i\u015flenmi\u015ftir. \u00c7e\u015fitli b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte ve mutlaka kalayl\u0131 olurlard\u0131. Kalabal\u0131k ve zengin ailelerin sinileri b\u00fcy\u00fck olurdu. Ayr\u0131ca zenginlerin, beylerin, a\u011falar\u0131n sinileri bak\u0131r de\u011fil, genellikle g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f veya alt\u0131n olurdu. Sofra kuruldu\u011fu zaman sini ya sofra bezinin \u00fcst\u00fcne veya sini altl\u0131\u011f\u0131 denilen bir k\u00fcrs\u00fc \u00fczerine konulurdu. Sonra da yemek ve i\u00e7ecekler sininin \u00fczerine dizilirdi. Fakir fukara pek sini kullanmazd\u0131, bunlar daha \u00e7ok sofra bezi kullan\u0131rlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc mutfak k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, hem siniyi ve hem de safra bezini g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fant\u0131m\u0131zdan sildi. \u015eimdi daha \u00e7ok yemekler yemek masalar\u0131nda yenilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kazan<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kazan<\/em>, b\u00fcy\u00fck ve derin kulplu bir kapt\u0131r. \u00c7ok geni\u015f bir kullan\u0131m alan\u0131 vard\u0131r. \u00c7ama\u015f\u0131r kazan\u0131nda \u00e7ama\u015f\u0131r kaynat\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131, \u00e7ama\u015f\u0131r ve banyo suyu \u0131s\u0131t\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Yemek kazan\u0131nda kavurma kavrulurdu, yemek pi\u015firilirdi, \u015fire kaynat\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131, bulama\u00e7\/ pekmez yap\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131, bulgur kaynat\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131, kelle pa\u00e7a pi\u015firilirdi, sal\u00e7a yap\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131… Bug\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olsa da halen kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arap Pekmezi<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arap pekmezi<\/em>, ila\u00e7 niyetine bedence zay\u0131f olanlara, so\u011fuk alg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olanlara, \u00f6ks\u00fcrenlere ve ci\u011ferlerinden rahats\u0131z olanlara verilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arap pekmezi haz\u0131rlamak i\u00e7in ufak bir su tas\u0131 dolusu pekmezin i\u00e7ine yar\u0131m tahta ka\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 pul biber kat\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130yice kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece ila\u00e7 haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f olunurdu. Daha sonra bu kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m hastaya i\u00e7irilerek, kal\u0131n y\u00fcnl\u00fc bir yatakta terletilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Terleme sonucu hastan\u0131n iyile\u015fece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arap pekmezi denildi\u011fi gibi sa\u011falt\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi sahip midir? Bilemiyorum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ta\u015f Soku<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"
Ergani-Hilar kayal\u0131klar\u0131nda k\u00f6yl\u00fc kad\u0131nlar sokuda bulgur d\u00f6v\u00fcyor<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Soku<\/em>, i\u00e7inde tokmakla bulgur, yarma, d\u00f6\u011fme veya kuru biber d\u00f6v\u00fclen b\u00fcy\u00fck\u00e7e ta\u015ftan oyulmu\u015f bir gere\u00e7tir. Sokunun bir ad\u0131 da dibektir. Pirinci kabu\u011fundan ay\u0131rmak veya bulguru d\u00f6vmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan dibeklere dink <\/em>de denir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eskiden aile, konu kom\u015fu, mahalleli, k\u00f6y sakinleri sokudan ortakla\u015fa faydalan\u0131rlard\u0131. Bulgur veya benzeri \u015feyler d\u00f6v\u00fclece\u011fi zaman kad\u0131nlar ve gen\u00e7ler imece usul\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlard\u0131. Kad\u0131nl\u0131 erkekli, bir ki\u015fi veya iki ki\u015fi kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131, d\u00f6v\u00fclecek nesneyi sokuda s\u0131rayla tokmaklard\u0131. Bir ki\u015fide sokunun ba\u015f\u0131nda durup, d\u00f6k\u00fclenleri sokunun i\u00e7ine atard\u0131. Hem tokmak vuranlar ve hem de sokunun ba\u015f\u0131nda ta\u015fan nesneleri sokuya atan\u0131n eline tokmak de\u011fmesin diye \u00e7ok dikkatli davran\u0131rlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sokuda kurutulmu\u015f ac\u0131 ve tatl\u0131 kuru biberler (kurutmu\u015f isot) d\u00f6v\u00fclerek toz ve pul biber de elde edilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Soku ba\u015f\u0131nda dedikodular yap\u0131l\u0131r, t\u00fcrk\u00fcler s\u00f6ylenirdi. O\u011flan analar\u0131, gelin adaylar\u0131n\u0131 bazen soku ba\u015f\u0131nda hamaratl\u0131 k\u0131zlardan se\u00e7erdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hilar k\u00f6y\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00fcneybat\u0131s\u0131nda \u015eikefta Dolaba <\/em>(Dolapl\u0131 Ma\u011fara) diye bir yer var. Burada normal dink ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n 4,5 misli b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde bir Kevre Dinge <\/em>(Dink ta\u015f\u0131 ) vard\u0131r. Ge\u00e7mi\u015fte hangi ama\u00e7la kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmiyor. Romal\u0131lar devrinde esirlerin d\u00f6nd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ta\u015flara benzer. Bitkisel ya\u011f imalat\u0131 ve benzeri i\u015fler i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tahmin edilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ve yine yak\u0131n zamana kadar Dink\u00e7i \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc G\u00fcler atla ta\u015f d\u00f6nd\u00fcrerek d\u00f6\u011fme ve bulgur d\u00f6vme i\u015fini yapard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Her t\u00fcr g\u0131da \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin marketlerde, bakkallarda haz\u0131r paketler i\u00e7erisinde sat\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanmas\u0131yla soku ve bulgur, d\u00f6\u011fme, kuru biber d\u00f6vme i\u015fi de g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fant\u0131m\u0131zdan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kozik ve Ocak<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eskiden her evin \u00f6n\u00fcnde veya havlusunda etraf\u0131 ta\u015f veya kerpi\u00e7 duvarla \u00e7evrili e\u011freti yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f k\u00f6\u015feli veya yuvarlak i\u00e7inde oca\u011f\u0131n bulundu\u011fu bir alan vard\u0131. Bu alana kozik <\/em>denirdi. Evin ekme\u011fi, yeme\u011fi burada pi\u015firilir; \u00e7ama\u015f\u0131r suyu veya banyo suyu burada \u0131s\u0131t\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Ocak <\/em>s\u00fcrekli t\u00fcterdi. Ba\u011f, bah\u00e7e ve da\u011fdan getirilen odun, \u00fcz\u00fcm teveklerin dal\u0131 sete, a\u011fa\u00e7 ve tevek \u00e7ubu\u011fu \u00e7irpi ve hayvan g\u00fcbresinden yap\u0131lan tezek ocakta s\u00fcrekli yanard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayr\u0131ca her evin aral\u0131k <\/em>denilen giri\u015f salonunda bir tane ocak daha bulunurdu. Yemek pi\u015firme, su \u0131s\u0131tman\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, k\u0131\u015f\u0131n ocak evi \u0131s\u0131t\u0131rd\u0131. K\u0131\u015f\u0131n ocak ba\u015f\u0131nda toplan\u0131larak g\u00fcnl\u00fck geli\u015fmeler, do\u011fumlar, \u00f6l\u00fcmler, ba\u011f bah\u00e7e i\u015fleri konu\u015fulurdu; konu kom\u015funun dedikodusu yap\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131, masallar anlat\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Ocaktaki ate\u015fin uzun s\u00fcre kalmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00fczeri k\u00fclle \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fcrd\u00fc. Sonralar\u0131 bu ocaklar\u0131n yerini, alt\u0131nda bir gaz b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc olan ve \u00fczerindeki bir pompa yard\u0131m\u0131yla s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan gaz ya\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yanmas\u0131 esas\u0131na dayanan gaz ocaklar\u0131 ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gaz oca\u011f\u0131 <\/em>daha \u00e7ok yemek pi\u015firmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eskiden oca\u011f\u0131 yakmak ba\u015fl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na beceri isterdi: Ocakta ate\u015f s\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015fse, kom\u015fudan ate\u015f istenirdi. “Kom\u015fu kom\u015funun k\u00fcl\u00fcne muhta\u00e7t\u0131r<\/em>” deyimi buradan gelir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fczde “oca\u011f\u0131n s\u00f6nmesi<\/em>” k\u00f6t\u00fcye, “oca\u011f\u0131n t\u00fctmesi<\/em>” iyiye yorumlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r hep.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u0131v\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f petrol gaz\u0131n\u0131n (LPG’nin) yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131, t\u00fcple (LPG ile) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ocak ve f\u0131r\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131, kozik ve oca\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fant\u0131m\u0131zdan \u00e7\u0131kartt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ocak \u00fczerinde sacda pi\u015firilen Fetir <\/em>denilen yufka ekme\u011fin ve mayalanm\u0131\u015f hamurdan yap\u0131lan ek\u015fili <\/em>ekme\u011fin tad\u0131n\u0131 hi\u00e7bir f\u0131r\u0131n ekme\u011fi veremez.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"
Ergani. Sac \u00fczerinde et, biber ve domates kebab\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131yor<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Ekmek Sac\u0131<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekmek sac\u0131, sacdan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir ev gerecidir. Yuvarlak olup, \u00e7aplar\u0131 25-50 cm. aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fir. Her evde mutlaka kozik veya ocak yan\u0131nda bir ekmek sac\u0131 bulunurdu. Ad\u0131ndan da anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 gibi, ocak \u00fczerinde ekmek pi\u015firmede kullan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Fetir ekmek, ek\u015fili ekmek, k\u0131ymal\u0131 ekmek, peynirli ekmek… hep sac \u00fczerinde pi\u015firilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu sac \u00fczerinde biber kebab\u0131, ci\u011fer kebab\u0131, et kebab\u0131 da yap\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Bu sac kebaplar\u0131 \u00e7ok lezzetli olurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayr\u0131ca, nohut yap\u0131m\u0131nda da kullan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Bunun i\u00e7in ters \u00e7evrilmi\u015f sac\u0131n i\u00e7ersine y\u0131kanm\u0131\u015f ince kum b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Bu kum ate\u015f \u00fczerindeki sacda iyice \u0131s\u0131t\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Sonra kavrulacak nohut k\u0131zg\u0131n kumun i\u00e7ine d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcp, kavruluncaya kadar kumda kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Kavrulmu\u015f bu nohuda “K\u00fcrt leblebisi<\/em>” denirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sac, h\u00f6ll\u00fck yap\u0131m\u0131nda da kullan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mantiz (Malt\u0131z)<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oca\u011f\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda hemen hemen her evde bir tane mantiz <\/em>bulunurdu. Mantiz, yakla\u015f\u0131k 40 cm. y\u00fcksekli\u011finde, 25 cm. \u00e7ap\u0131nda sacdan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f yuvarlak bir t\u00fcr \u0131zgaral\u0131 ve ayakl\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r ocakt\u0131r. Izgara \u00fczerine ocakta yanm\u0131\u015f kor ate\u015f veya a\u011fa\u00e7 k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ate\u015fi konularak yemek pi\u015firilir, \u00e7ay kaynat\u0131l\u0131r ve su \u0131s\u0131t\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mantizda pi\u015fen yeme\u011fin tad\u0131n\u0131 hi\u00e7bir \u015fey vermez derler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mantiz, g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fant\u0131m\u0131zdan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p gitti; teknoloji can\u0131na okudu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fcl Kab\u0131<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ocakta yanm\u0131\u015f ate\u015fin k\u00fcl\u00fc at\u0131lmazd\u0131 eskiden. K\u00fcl, eski tenekelerde, k\u0131r\u0131k k\u00fcplerde biriktirilirdi. Bu kaplara k\u00fcl kab\u0131 <\/em>denirdi. Sabun k\u0131t oldu\u011fundan, deterjan denilen temizlik malzemeleri bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131, biriktirilmi\u015f bu k\u00fclle \u00e7e\u015fme ba\u015f\u0131nda, g\u00f6zede, p\u0131harda (p\u0131narda) veya dere kenar\u0131nda kap kacak y\u0131kan\u0131p, temizlenirdi. Ayr\u0131ca k\u0131\u015f mevsiminde damlar\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcne serpilirdi; dam \u00fczerindeki toprak sertle\u015fip eve ya\u011fmur ve kar suyu damlamas\u0131n ve de dam\u0131 lo\u011f<\/em>larken lo\u011f dam\u0131n topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131rmas\u0131n, dondan dolay\u0131 dam\u0131n topra\u011f\u0131 \u00e7atlamas\u0131n, \u00e7amur lo\u011fa bula\u015fmas\u0131n diye.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fcl, \u00e7ama\u015f\u0131r y\u0131kamada da kullan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Bunun i\u00e7in \u00f6nce \u00e7ama\u015f\u0131r kazan\u0131 kurulurdu. Sonra kazana su doldurulur ve kazanda kaynat\u0131lacak \u00e7ama\u015f\u0131rlar kazan\u0131n i\u00e7ine bat\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Bu arada kazan\u0131n alt\u0131na ate\u015f at\u0131l\u0131r. K\u00fcl bir torbaya doldurulup a\u011fz\u0131 ba\u011flanarak kazandaki suyun i\u00e7ine at\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Kazanda su kaynamaya ba\u015flay\u0131nca k\u00fcl etkisini g\u00f6sterirdi. K\u00fclde kaynat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00e7ama\u015f\u0131rlar\u0131n hem mikrobu \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f olurdu, hem de \u00e7ama\u015f\u0131rlar daha temiz ve yumu\u015fak olurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fcl, ayr\u0131ca kuru \u00fcz\u00fcm yap\u0131m\u0131nda da kullan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Kuru \u00fcz\u00fcm yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan k\u00fcl genellikle f\u0131r\u0131nlardan getirilirdi. \u00dcz\u00fcm\u00fcn kurutulmas\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle yap\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ocak \u00fczerine kurulu bir kazana su doldurulur. Ocakta ate\u015f yak\u0131larak kazandaki su \u0131s\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r. Is\u0131nmaya ba\u015flayan kazandaki suya bir teneke k\u00fcl d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcr ve k\u00fcll\u00fc su iyice kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Su kaynad\u0131k\u00e7a suyun \u00fczerindeki k\u00f6p\u00fck ve k\u00f6m\u00fcr, \u00e7\u00f6p gibi yabanc\u0131 cisimler kevgirle \u00fcstten al\u0131n\u0131r. Kazandaki su kaynama sonucu kazan\u0131n hemen hemen yar\u0131s\u0131na gelince kurutulacak \u00fcz\u00fcmler s\u00f6\u011f\u00fct dal\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kulplu sepetlere i\u00e7ine konularak kazan\u0131n i\u00e7indeki kaynar k\u00fcll\u00fc suya bat\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p-\u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r. Ha\u015flanan ya\u015f \u00fcz\u00fcmler daha \u00f6nceden haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f \u00fcz\u00fcm d\u00f6k\u00fcm sahas\u0131na d\u00f6k\u00fclerek serilir, g\u00fcne\u015fte kurutulmaya b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kurutulan k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131, siyah, sar\u0131 \u00fcz\u00fcmler k\u0131\u015f\u0131n \u00e7erez olarak yenilirdi veya ho\u015faf\u0131 <\/em>yap\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hamam Tas\u0131<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hamam Tas\u0131<\/em>, su tas\u0131ndan tamamen farkl\u0131, yakla\u015f\u0131k 20 cm. \u00e7ap\u0131nda, 6 cm. y\u00fcksekli\u011finde yuvarlak, ortas\u0131 hafif g\u00f6bekli, bak\u0131r, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f veya sar\u0131 metalden bir tast\u0131r. Su kaba\u011f\u0131ndan olanlar da vard\u0131r. \u00c7ok zengin olanlar\u0131n hamam tas\u0131 alt\u0131n veya g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ften olurdu. \u00c7eyiz sand\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli e\u015fyalar\u0131ndan da biriydi ayn\u0131 zamanda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kad\u0131nlar hamama giderlerken, hamam boh\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inde hamam taslar\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcrlerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Modern ya\u015fam\u0131n bir gere\u011fi olarak her evde banyolar\u0131n olmas\u0131, \u00e7e\u015fmelerden s\u0131cak suyun akmas\u0131 sonucu hamam tas\u0131 g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fant\u0131m\u0131zdan yava\u015f yava\u015f \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 veya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hamam Boh\u00e7as\u0131<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hamam Boh\u00e7as\u0131<\/em>, hamama giden kad\u0131nlar\u0131n temiz giyeceklerini, sabunlar\u0131n\u0131, keselerini, liflerini, hamam tas\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7ine koyduklar\u0131 i\u015flemeli, s\u00fcslemeli, nak\u0131\u015fl\u0131 bezdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kad\u0131nlar g\u00fcn\u00fcnde veya seans\u0131nda hamama giden kad\u0131n\u0131n sosyal stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc hamam boh\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n rengine, kuma\u015f\u0131n t\u00fcr\u00fcne ve boh\u00e7a \u00fczerindeki nak\u015fa bakarak kestirmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fc. Zengin kad\u0131nlar\u0131n hamam boh\u00e7alar\u0131 daha g\u00f6steri\u015fli olurdu; bunlar\u0131n boh\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131 ya hizmet\u00e7i k\u0131zlar veya k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ocuklar bah\u015fi\u015f kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toka\u00e7\/ K\u00f6p\u00fc\u00e7<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toka\u00e7<\/em>, \u00e7ama\u015f\u0131r d\u00f6vmeye veya toprak damlar\u0131n bitim kenarlar\u0131n\u0131, yani siv\u00fck<\/em>leri s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmaya yarayan sa\u011flam a\u011fa\u00e7tan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ev gerecidir. Sap k\u0131sm\u0131 15 cm., g\u00f6vde k\u0131sm\u0131 ise 25 cm. kadard\u0131r. Tokac\u0131n di\u011fer ad\u0131, k\u00f6p\u00fc\u00e7<\/em>t\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apartman ya\u015fam\u0131na yava\u015f yava\u015f ge\u00e7ilmesi, deterjan t\u00fcrlerinin \u00e7oklu\u011fu, \u00e7ama\u015f\u0131r makinesinin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 ve evlerin tavanlar\u0131n\u0131n beton veya \u00fczerlerinin \u00e7at\u0131 ile kaplanmas\u0131 sonucu toka\u00e7 \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc tamamlay\u0131p tarihe kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kil<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eskiden kad\u0131nlar sa\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 bir toprak t\u00fcr\u00fc olan kille y\u0131karlard\u0131. Hamamda veya evinde banyo yapacak kad\u0131n, bir g\u00fcn \u00f6nceden kil le\u011fenine bir miktar kuru kil koyup suland\u0131r\u0131rd\u0131. Buna, kil \u0131slamak <\/em>denirdi. Kad\u0131nlar banyo bitiminde daha \u00f6nce sabunla y\u0131kanm\u0131\u015f sa\u00e7lar\u0131na \u00e7amur halindeki kilden avu\u00e7 avu\u00e7 s\u00fcr\u00fcp, sonra da b\u00fct\u00fcn sa\u00e7 ba\u015f \u00fczerinde toplanarak kille iyice \u00e7itilenirdi. \u00c7itilenmeden sonra, sa\u00e7 suyla iyice durulan\u0131rd\u0131. Kil sa\u00e7lara parlakl\u0131k ve yumu\u015fakl\u0131k verirdi. Ayr\u0131ca kilin sa\u00e7lar\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi\u011fine de inan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kil, ayn\u0131 zamanda keseyle veya lifle birlikte v\u00fccudu y\u0131kamak i\u00e7in de kullan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kozmetik sanayinin geli\u015fmesi, \u00e7e\u015fit \u00e7e\u015fit \u015fampuan ve sa\u00e7 kremlerinin piyasaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 sonucu kad\u0131nlar kil kullanmaktan vazge\u00e7tiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ergani’de iyi kil B\u00fcy\u00fckbah\u00e7e, Narl\u0131k ve Ba\u011f\u00fcr’de bulunurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00f6ll\u00fck<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Eledim eledim h\u00f6ll\u00fck eledim
Aynal\u0131 be\u015fikte bebek beledim”<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eskiden \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n alt\u0131n\u0131 ba\u011flamak i\u00e7in h\u00f6ll\u00fck <\/em>kullan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. H\u00f6ll\u00fck, bebeklerin alt\u0131na, \u00e7i\u015fi ve kakas\u0131 beze bula\u015fmas\u0131n, bacak aralar\u0131 pi\u015fmesin diye konulan toprakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00f6ll\u00fck i\u00e7in temiz bir yer se\u00e7ilir, \u00fcstten 15- 20 cm. kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda toprak kaz\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra alttan \u00e7\u0131kan toprak eve getirilip elekten ge\u00e7irilirdi. Un gibi olan toprak ekmek yapmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan sac\u0131n tersine konur ve iyice kavrulurdu. So\u011fuduktan sonra bez torbalara konup a\u011fz\u0131 ba\u011flanarak kullanmaya haz\u0131r hale getirilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eskiden bebe\u011fin alt\u0131na konan Mu\u015famba <\/em>da evde yap\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Bu i\u015f i\u00e7in yeterince yumu\u015fak bir bez iki ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan gergin olarak ate\u015fin \u00fczerinde tutulur, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015fi beze balmumu s\u00fcrerdi. Mu\u015famba, bezin erimi\u015f balmumuna bat\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla da haz\u0131rlanabilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pi\u015fikler i\u00e7in de\u011fi\u015fik krem ve pomatlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 h\u00f6ll\u00fc\u011f\u00fc; haz\u0131r bebek bezlerinin \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 ise, mu\u015fambay\u0131 g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fant\u0131m\u0131zdan \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. \u00c7ocuklar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan bu nesneler tarih oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130brik<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130brik<\/em>, tenekeden, sacdan, bak\u0131rdan yap\u0131lan ve i\u00e7ersine su koymaya yarayan kulplu, a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131\/ emzikli, testiye benzer bir kapt\u0131r. Teneke ibrikler daha \u00e7ok tuvaletlerde kullan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Bak\u0131r ibriklerde daha \u00e7ok el y\u00fcz y\u0131kamada, abdest almada kullan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. El y\u00fcz y\u0131kanacak ibri\u011fin yan\u0131nda bir de sabun olurdu. Evin han\u0131m\u0131, gelini, k\u0131z\u0131 veya k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fc\u011f\u00fc el y\u00fcz y\u0131kan\u0131rken veya abdest al\u0131n\u0131rken ibrikten b\u00fcy\u00fcklerin eline su d\u00f6kerdi. Sonra da omzunda bulunan havluyu verirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde plastik ibrikler baz\u0131 camii tuvaletleri ve karayolu dinlenme tesislerinde halen kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130brik deyip ge\u00e7meyin. Tarihte \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli(!) bir yeri vard\u0131r. Sarayda ibrik ve le\u011fenden sorumlu olan ki\u015filere \u0130briktar<\/em>, saray\u0131n harem dairesinde le\u011fen ve ibriklere bakan ve padi\u015fah\u0131n \u00f6zel hizmetini g\u00f6ren karava\u015fl<\/em>ara da \u0130briktar Usta <\/em>denildi\u011fini unutmay\u0131n! Tabi, padi\u015fah ibriklerinin som alt\u0131ndan olu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 da…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130dare Lambas\u0131\/ El \u00c7\u0131ras\u0131<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130dare lambas\u0131<\/em>, sac veya tenekeden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir ayd\u0131nlatma arac\u0131d\u0131r. Ters huniye benzer. Alt k\u0131sm\u0131ndaki hazne k\u0131sm\u0131na gaz ya\u011f\u0131 konulurdu. \u00dcstten boruya benzer k\u0131sm\u0131ndan i\u00e7inde ya\u011f bulunan haznenin i\u00e7ine bir fitil sal\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131. Fitil gaz ya\u011f\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcnyesine \u00e7ekerdi. Fitil kav veya kibritle yak\u0131larak geceleri ayd\u0131nlanma(!) sa\u011flan\u0131rd\u0131. \u0130sli yanard\u0131. \u00c7ok yand\u0131\u011f\u0131nda gaz ya\u011f\u0131 kokusundan ve dumandan insan\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131 a\u011fr\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130dare lambas\u0131na El \u00c7\u0131ras\u0131 <\/em>ve \u015einanay <\/em>da denir. “\u015einanay yavrum \u015finanay<\/em>” \u015fark\u0131s\u0131ndaki \u015finanay<\/em>‘\u0131n idare lambas\u0131yla bir alakas\u0131 var m\u0131 acaba? Ne dersiniz?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130dare lambas\u0131n yerini sonralar\u0131 Gaz Lambas\u0131 <\/em>ve L\u00fcx <\/em>ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gaz Lambas\u0131<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gaz lambas\u0131<\/em>, idare lambas\u0131n\u0131n biraz daha geli\u015fmi\u015fidir. Gaz lambas\u0131, ad\u0131ndan da anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 gibi gaz ya\u011f\u0131 ile ayd\u0131nlanmay\u0131 sa\u011flar. Alt k\u0131sm\u0131nda bulunan hazne k\u0131s\u0131m camdan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, i\u00e7ine gaz ya\u011f\u0131 konulur. \u00dcst\u00fcnde i\u00e7inden fitil ge\u00e7en koza <\/em>denen bir metal mekanizma bulunur. Lamba cam\u0131 bu mekanizmaya ge\u00e7irilir. A\u011falar\u0131n, beylerin evlerinde L\u00fcx <\/em>denen ayd\u0131nlatma cihaz\u0131 bulunurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gaz lambas\u0131 yak\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 zaman lamba cam\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131l\u0131p, fitil kibrit veya \u00e7akmakla yak\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra lamba cam\u0131 yeniden tak\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Cam lamba islenince kozas\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131l\u0131p, kuru, yumu\u015fak bir bezle silinirdi. Gaz lambas\u0131na \u00c7\u0131ra <\/em>da denilirdi. Gaz lambas\u0131 kapat\u0131laca\u011f\u0131, s\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fclece\u011fi zaman “lambaya p\u00fcf<\/em>” edilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elektri\u011fin yayg\u0131n \u015fekilde kullan\u0131m\u0131 gaz lambalar\u0131n\u0131n sonunu getirse de, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde elektrik kesildi\u011finde baz\u0131 evlerde halen kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Taht<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eskiden konu kom\u015fu birbirini tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, g\u00fcven duydu\u011fundan, toplumsal doku bu kadar kirlenmedi\u011finden yaz geceleri damlarda yat\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Durumu iyi olanlar ve keyfine d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcn olanlar damlara taht <\/em>kurarlard\u0131. Maddi durumu iyi olmayanlar yataklar\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frudan dama sererlerdi. Taht, \u00e7ift ki\u015filik, karyoladan biraz b\u00fcy\u00fck\u00e7e, iki basamakla \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lan, etraf\u0131 parmakl\u0131 yatacak bir yerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Taht evin avlusuna, daha \u00e7ok da dama kurulurdu. Taht\u0131n etraf\u0131na i\u00e7erisi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmesin diye bez gerilirdi. \u00dcst\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131k kal\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hem damda ve hem tahtta \u00e7ok yatt\u0131m. Ara s\u0131ra damdan ve tahttan d\u00fc\u015fmeler olsa dahi, damda y\u0131ld\u0131zlara bakarak yatmak, y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131 saymak ve kayan y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131 izlemek \u00e7ok g\u00fczeldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toplumsal dokunun kirlenmesi, mal ve can g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sorununun ya\u015fanmas\u0131, bu g\u00fczel gelene\u011fe son verdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu\u011favi<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu\u011favi<\/em>, atlar\u0131n aya\u011f\u0131na tak\u0131lan, u\u00e7lar\u0131nda birer kelep\u00e7e olan, ortalama 50 cm. uzunlu\u011funda bir zincirdir. Atlar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131nmamas\u0131 veya ba\u015fka yere gidip kaybolmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in, bir \u00f6nlem olarak at\u0131n \u00f6n iki aya\u011f\u0131na tak\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eimdi ne at kald\u0131, ne de bu\u011favi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7\u0131ng\u0131rak\/ Zil<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7\u0131ng\u0131rak <\/em>veya Zil<\/em>, i\u015faret vermek, uyarmak, \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan ve bir \u00e7an ile bir \u00e7ana vuran bir tokmaktan olu\u015fan, elle veya ba\u015fka d\u00fczeneklerle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan metal bir gere\u00e7tir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eskiden e\u015feklerin, kat\u0131rlar\u0131n, koyunlar\u0131n, ke\u00e7ilerin… boynuna as\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. \u00c7\u0131ng\u0131rak sayesinde sahiplerine bir nevi nerde olduklar\u0131n\u0131 haber verirlerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kervan\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fcyen e\u015feklerin boynuna as\u0131l\u0131 \u00e7\u0131ng\u0131ra\u011f\u0131n sesine kervandaki t\u00fcm develer itaat ederlerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7\u0131ng\u0131ra\u011f\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00c7an, kiliselerde \u00e7al\u0131narak inanan H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131 kiliseye davet eder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7\u0131ng\u0131rak, daha kibar bir ifadeyle zil cumhuriyetle birlikte okullar\u0131m\u0131zda kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Zil \u00e7ald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda t\u00fcm \u00f6\u011frenci ve \u00f6\u011fretmenler derse girerdi; ikinci defa zil \u00e7ald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise, teneff\u00fcse \u00e7\u0131k\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eimdi okullarda merkez\u00ee yay\u0131nla elektronik cihazlardan yerli ve yabanc\u0131 m\u00fczik par\u00e7alar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131narak derslere giri\u015f ve \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yap\u0131lmakta. Oysa biz zili elimize al\u0131p merdiven ba\u015f\u0131nda ba\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcne kald\u0131rarak \u00e7alard\u0131k; arkada\u015flar\u0131m\u0131za ve \u00f6\u011fretmenlerimize derse giri\u015f ve \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f saatlerini bildirirdik.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zili eline al\u0131p \u00e7almad\u0131ktan sonra, zil, zil mi olur?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yaz\u0131k oldu bizim zillere. Yaz\u0131k, tarih oldu bizim ziller.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Saban<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Saban, \u00e7ift s\u00fcrmeye yarayan bir tar\u0131m arac\u0131d\u0131r. Topra\u011f\u0131 alt \u00fcst etmeye yarar. Sa\u011flam a\u011fa\u00e7tan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, \u00f6n taraftaki uzun, arkada olan k\u0131sa \u00fc\u00e7gen \u015feklinde birbirine ge\u00e7en bir d\u00fczenektir. \u00d6ndeki uzun a\u011fa\u00e7tan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f saban ok<\/em>unun ucu, \u00f6k\u00fczlerin ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu boyunduru\u011f<\/em>un ortas\u0131nda bulunan halkaya ge\u00e7irilir. Boyunduru\u011fun iki ucunda ahlat a\u011fac\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, \u00f6k\u00fczlerin boynuna ge\u00e7irilen sabiler<\/em> bulunur. Arkadaki k\u0131sa a\u011fa\u00e7tan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f saban kolu ise, \u00e7ift s\u00fcrerken tutma kolu olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu iki kolun birle\u015fti\u011fi yerde ucu ileriye \u00e7\u0131k\u0131k bir a\u011fa\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131m daha vard\u0131r. Buraya saban demiri (g\u00eesin) ge\u00e7irilir. \u00c7ift s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcrken, bu demir rahatl\u0131kla topra\u011f\u0131n alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcne getirir. Saban oku, saban kolu ve saban demirinin ge\u00e7ti\u011fi bu \u00fc\u00e7 par\u00e7a bir kamayla tutturulur. \u00d6k\u00fczleri \u00e7ift s\u00fcrmeye iteklemek ve komuta etmek i\u00e7in elde tutulan uzun \u00e7ubu\u011fa masas<\/em>, masas\u0131n ucundaki delici \u00e7iviye zakut<\/em> denir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ben ve daha \u00e7ok da karde\u015fim Ali Haydar, Abdullah dedem \u00e7ift s\u00fcrerken ona yard\u0131m ederdik. \u00c7ok zahmetli ve dikkat gerektiren bir i\u015ftir. Saban demirini \u00f6k\u00fcz\u00fcn ayaklar\u0131na vurmak, \u00f6k\u00fcz\u00fcn yaralanmas\u0131na, saban demirinin bir ta\u015fa tak\u0131lmas\u0131 ise saban demirinin k\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na neden olabilir. Bir keresinde ben \u00e7ift s\u00fcrerken, saban demirinin ta\u015fa tak\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucu k\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve dedem \u00e7ok k\u0131zm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Saban, bug\u00fcn k\u0131rsalda yer yer halen kullan\u0131lsa da, trakt\u00f6r ve benzeri modern tar\u0131m ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131 saban\u0131 k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn ya\u015fam\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kartt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SONU\u00c7:<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaybolan mek\u00e2n, meslek ve nesneler \u00fcretimde \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli rol oynad\u0131lar, ama bug\u00fcn tarih oldular ya da oluyorlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ben, insan ya\u015fam\u0131nda \u00fcretimin \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir yerinin oldu\u011funa inan\u0131r\u0131m. \u00dcretmeden t\u00fcketen toplumlarda haktan, hukuktan, d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fckten, namus ve ahlaktan s\u00f6z etmenin bir anlam\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131na inanm\u0131yorum, ama bazen \u00fcretmek ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fkan olmak da yetmiyor veya yeterli gelmiyor. Burada belirleyici olan, \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n, \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinin geli\u015fmi\u015flik seviyesi, \u00fcretimin nicelik ve niteli\u011fi oluyor. E\u011fer \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri ve \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131 ilkelse, \u00fcretim yo\u011fun eme\u011fe dayan\u0131yorsa, birim zamanda \u00fcretilen \u00fcr\u00fcn nicelik olarak \u00e7ok azsa, yo\u011fun teknolojiyi kullanan geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerle rekabet etme \u015fans\u0131m\u0131z olmaz: Politik, ekonomik ve teknolojik geli\u015fmelerin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00fcretti\u011fimiz de\u011ferlerin \u00f6nemi kalmaz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Geriye d\u00f6n\u00fcp bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131mda bunun b\u00f6yle oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yerel, ulusal veya yerli olandan geriye ne kald\u0131?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcne\u015f kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda eriyen kar gibi yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z de\u011ferler buharla\u015f\u0131p u\u00e7uyor. Her \u015fey, ama her \u015fey; h\u0131zl\u0131 geli\u015fen teknolojik at\u0131l\u0131mlar ve de\u011fi\u015fen politikalar sonucu uluslararas\u0131 tekellerin ve onlar\u0131n uzant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n eline, egemenli\u011fine ge\u00e7ti, ge\u00e7iyor. Yiyecekler, giyecekler, ya\u015fama bi\u00e7imleri ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler tek tiple\u015fmeye y\u00f6neliyor, y\u00f6nlendiriliyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burada bu durum iyidir veya k\u00f6t\u00fcd\u00fcr tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na girmiyorum. Sadece bir tespit yapmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin: Bizim Ergani’nin Meydan\u0131’nda Karc\u0131 Edo <\/em>gibi ustalar\u0131n kendi elleriyle, karla yapt\u0131klar\u0131 dondurmalar art\u0131k yok, her yerde art\u0131k uluslararas\u0131 bir tekel olan Unilever <\/em>\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc Algida <\/em>\u00e7e\u015fitleri, Cornetto<\/em>‘lar var. Tatl\u0131c\u0131 Hasan’\u0131n “Datli” <\/em>diye ba\u011f\u0131rarak, Meydan’da ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnde tepside satt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kehribar sar\u0131s\u0131, bal s\u00fczmesi gibi \u015ferbetli, bol sinek ve sar\u0131 ar\u0131l\u0131 o g\u00fczelim halkal\u0131 tatl\u0131lar nerede? Her yerde, her tarafta; evlerde, kahvelerde, i\u015fyerlerinde, b\u00fcfelerde, marketlerde bir \u0130svi\u00e7re tekeli olan Nestle<\/em>‘nin \u00e7ikolata ve \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ya da Kraft Foods Deutschland <\/em>k\u00f6kenli Milka<\/em>‘lar var art\u0131k. Peki, bakkallarda avu\u00e7la avu\u00e7 sat\u0131lan ve renkli olanlar\u0131na \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n ve k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin bay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 o Del\u00fckli <\/em>(delikli) \u015feker<\/em>‘lere, o akidelere ne oldu?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burada, eski olan\u0131n yeni kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda kendini koruyamamas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda, hatta daha ziyadesi, uluslar \u00f6tesi olan\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yerli ve yerelin yok olmas\u0131, silinmesi olay\u0131 yatmaktad\u0131r. Bu sadece Ergani ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olan bir olay de\u011fil, T\u00fcrkiye’de ve hatta t\u00fcm d\u00fcnya genelinde h\u0131zla yay\u0131lan ve ya\u015fanan bir olay. Yerel, b\u00f6lgesel ve ulusal olan ne varsa bir bir ya yok oldu ya da uluslararas\u0131 tekellerin, egemen \u00e7evrelerin egemenli\u011fine girerek etkisiz bir duruma d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc; bizler de seyrettik.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu, biraz da geli\u015fmelere kar\u015f\u0131 do\u011fru \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemeler \u00fcretemedi\u011fimizden oldu kan\u0131mca. Ne dersiniz?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3, 11 ve 19-30 Haziran 2007 tarihleri aras\u0131nda g\u00fcnl\u00fck Ergani Postas\u0131<\/strong> gazetesinde dizi olarak yay\u0131mland\u0131.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n

\u00e7\u00f6mlek\u00e7ilik<\/a>, <\/span>Culfac\u0131l\u0131k<\/a>, <\/span>cuma \u00fcz\u00fclmez<\/a>, <\/span>de\u011firmencilik<\/a>, <\/span>demircilik<\/a>, <\/span>dokumac\u0131l\u0131k<\/a>, <\/span>dondurmac\u0131l\u0131k<\/a>, <\/span>go\u015fkarl\u0131k<\/a>, <\/span>habenecilik<\/a>, <\/span>h\u00e2mid ayta\u00e7<\/a>, <\/span>hattatl\u0131k<\/a>, <\/span>karc\u0131l\u0131k<\/a>, <\/span>k\u00e2rhanac\u0131l\u0131k<\/a>, <\/span>Kaybolan Meslekler<\/a>, <\/span>orak\u00e7\u0131<\/a>, <\/span>\u015farap\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k<\/a>, <\/span>\u015ferbet\u00e7ilik<\/a>, <\/span>tarihe kar\u0131\u015fan nesneler<\/a>, <\/span>ta\u015f yontuculu\u011fu<\/a>, <\/span>ta\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k<\/a>, <\/span>t\u0131rpanc\u0131<\/a><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

“Zihnim kendi zaman\u0131 i\u00e7inde ilerlemeye ihtiya\u00e7 duyar, bir ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n zaman\u0131na boyun e\u011fmez!” -Rousseau. I. Kaybolan Meslekler Sanat\u00e7\u0131lar, yazarlar ve gazetecilerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemin tan\u0131klar\u0131 oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenir. Bu tan\u0131kl\u0131k, sanat\u00e7\u0131 ve yazar\u0131n u\u00e7suz bucaks\u0131z d\u00fc\u015fsel d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda an\u0131, foto\u011fraf ve yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda kal\u0131c\u0131la\u015f\u0131rsa bir anlam kazan\u0131r. Kan\u0131mca sanat\u00e7\u0131lar, yazarlar ve gazeteciler topluma kar\u015f\u0131 sorumlu olduklar\u0131ndan biraz da buna mecburdurlar. D\u00fcnya \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fcyor. Teknoloji ak\u0131llara durgunluk verecek \u015fekilde geli\u015fiyor, ilerliyor. Al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar, ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imleri, t\u00fcketim kal\u0131plar\u0131 s\u00fcrekli de\u011fi\u015fime zorlan\u0131yor, de\u011fi\u015fiyor. H\u0131zla de\u011fi\u015fen ya\u015fam\u0131n an‘lar\u0131n\u0131 yakalay\u0131p gelecek nesillere aktarmak, ancak sanat\u00e7\u0131, yazar ve gazetecilerin bu g\u00f6revi yerine getirmeleri ile m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Kaybolan, eskiyen meslekleri ve sanatk\u00e2rlar\u0131n\u0131 yak\u0131ndan<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[449,1197],"tags":[4883,1636,488,4880,4891,4884,4886,4888,4885,4878,4879,3748,4890,1639,4876,4889,4887,3743,4877,4881,4882],"class_list":["post-7009","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-inceleme","category-kultur","tag-comlekcilik","tag-culfacilik","tag-cuma-uzulmez","tag-degirmencilik","tag-demircilik","tag-dokumacilik","tag-dondurmacilik","tag-goskarlik","tag-habenecilik","tag-hamid-aytac","tag-hattatlik","tag-karcilik","tag-karhanacilik","tag-kaybolan-meslekler","tag-orakci","tag-sarapcilik","tag-serbetcilik","tag-tarihe-karisan-nesneler","tag-tas-yontuculugu","tag-tascilik","tag-tirpanci"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7009","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=7009"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7009\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7026,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7009\/revisions\/7026"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=7009"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=7009"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=7009"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}