<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tahrir, Arap\u00e7a’da “yaz\u0131m” anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nde, tahrir, topra\u011f\u0131n m\u00fclkiyet ve tasarruf hukukunu, reayan\u0131n (ahalinin, halk\u0131n) y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerini belirlemek, vergi t\u00fcr ve miktarlar\u0131n\u0131 saptamak i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan arazi ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc n\u00fcfus yaz\u0131m i\u015fidir. Arazi ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc yaz\u0131m sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015flendi\u011fi defterlere Tahrir Defterleri<\/strong> denir. Sadece y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc say\u0131m (tahrir-i n\u00fcfus) sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015flendi\u011fi defterlere ise Esame Defterleri denilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde k\u00f6yl\u00fc kitlelerinin \u00fcretti\u011fi tar\u0131msal fazlaya vergi-rant bi\u00e7iminde el konulmas\u0131na dayan\u0131yordu. Bunun gelir kayb\u0131na u\u011framaks\u0131z\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi, en az art\u0131k aktar\u0131lmas\u0131yla olabildi\u011fince \u00e7ok asker\u00ee y\u00f6neticiye dirlik verilmesi ve de merkez\u00ee hazinenin beslenmesi i\u00e7in ba\u015fl\u0131ca y\u00f6ntem tahrirlerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tahrir, t\u0131mar da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n, yani g\u00f6stermi\u015f oldu\u011fu veya g\u00f6sterece\u011fi asker\u00ee hizmete kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelir ihsan edilmesi ile irili ufakl\u0131 dirlikler (bir hizmete kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olarak bir kimseye ayl\u0131k veya bir yere ba\u011fl\u0131 gelir ba\u011flanmas\u0131) \u00fczerinde g\u00f6rece g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir merkez\u00ee denetimin s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesinin temeliydi. Bu nedenle, Osmanl\u0131lar, ele ge\u00e7irilen ve t\u0131mar sistemine al\u0131nan bir b\u00f6lgede \u00f6ncelikle tahrir yapt\u0131r\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Padi\u015fah, sadrazam ve baz\u0131 y\u00fcksek r\u00fctbeli devlet adamlar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu meclis, yani Divan-\u0131 H\u00fcmayun’ca\/ Saray’ca g\u00f6revlendirilmi\u015f tahrir yaz\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131; \u00f6nce y\u00f6re halk\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131\u015f\u0131lageldi\u011fi eski t\u00f6releri, uygulanan yasalar\u0131, kurulu vak\u0131flar\u0131, m\u00fclkname ve mukarrername denen belgeler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla tasarruf edilen topraklar\u0131 saptar, bunlara ili\u015fkin belgeleri toplard\u0131. Tahrir defterlerinin yaz\u0131m\u0131nda \u00e7ok k\u0131sa \u00f6zet a\u00e7\u0131klamalara, tan\u0131k adlar\u0131na ve g\u00f6r\u00fclen belgeye yer verirlerdi. B\u00f6lgedeki b\u00fct\u00fcn yerle\u015fim birimleri, bunlar\u0131n \u00f6teden beri ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu kurallar, kendilerine tan\u0131nan \u00f6zel haklar, her k\u00f6y\u00fcn otlak, harman, koru, su kuyusu, yol gibi ortak kullan\u0131m alanlar\u0131, yeti\u015ftirilen \u00fcr\u00fcnler, avlanan hayvan t\u00fcrleri, bir y\u0131lda \u00f6denmesi beklenen vergi tutarlar\u0131, g\u00f6\u00e7ebelerin yaylak ve k\u0131\u015flaklar\u0131, ge\u00e7i\u015f yollar\u0131 da ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7imde belirtilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u0131mar sisteminin bozulmas\u0131ndan sonra mir\u00ee (Beye ait) topraklarda iltizam (devlet gelirlerinden birinin toplanmas\u0131 i\u015fini \u00fcstlenme), mukataa (arazinin belli bir kira kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 birine b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131) ve malik\u00e2ne (yasan\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ko\u015fullarla birine verilen beylik arazisi) y\u00f6ntemleri uygulanmaya ba\u015flay\u0131nca tahrir sistemi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Vergi y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerini ve orduya al\u0131nacak asker say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 belirlemeye y\u00f6nelik Tahrir-i N\u00fcfus (N\u00fcfus Say\u0131m\u0131) ilk kez 1831’de yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kad\u0131nlar, \u00e7ocuklar, ya\u015fl\u0131lar ve yoksullar y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck di\u015fi tutulduklar\u0131ndan n\u00fcfus say\u0131m defterlerine yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sadece toprakla, tapuyla ilgili olan defterlere Tapu Tahrir Defteri denilir ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nde 15. ve 19. y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131nda vergilendirmeye esas olmak \u00fczere tutulmu\u015flard\u0131r. Toprak ve kullananlara ait bilgiler i\u00e7eren bu defterler tarih\u00ee de\u011fere sahip defterlerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tahrir ve Esame (n\u00fcfus) defterleri, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Osmanl\u0131 tarihine ili\u015fkin ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapanlarca ba\u015fvurulan \u00f6nemli ar\u015fiv belgeleridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u00fchimme Defterleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Divan-\u0131 H\u00fcmayun, Fatih Sultan Mehmed’le birlikte ba\u015flayan ve zaman i\u00e7inde gittik\u00e7e usul ve esaslar\u0131 belirlenen ve kurumsalla\u015fan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin en \u00f6nemli kurumlar\u0131ndan biridir. M\u00fchimme Defterleri, Divan-\u0131 H\u00fcmayun’un d\u00fczenli yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 zamanlarda her divan toplant\u0131s\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclen siyas\u00ee, asker\u00ee, \u00f6rf\u00ee, mal\u00ee, idar\u00ee a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00f6nemli kararlar\u0131n kaydedildi\u011fi defterlerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Defterlerdeki kay\u0131tlar fermanlar\u0131n suretleri niteli\u011findedir. Sadrazam\u0131n ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Kubbe Vezirleri, Anadolu ve Rumeli Kazaskerleri, Defterdar ve Ni\u015fanc\u0131n\u0131n kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 divan toplant\u0131lar\u0131nda al\u0131nan kararlar, Padi\u015fah\u0131n onay\u0131ndan ge\u00e7tikten sonra kronolojik s\u0131ra ile deftere kaydedilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u00fchimme Defterleri, i\u00e7ersindeki h\u00fck\u00fcmler d\u00f6nemlerinin sosyal, siyasal ve asker\u00ee durumlar\u0131yla do\u011frudan ilgili konular\u0131 i\u00e7ermesi dolays\u0131yla Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun tarihi ile ilgili bilgilere ula\u015fma ve analiz etmede \u00f6nemli belgelerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Osmanl\u0131lar 15. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda Tahrir Defterleri’ni tuttu\u011fu var say\u0131larak, M\u00fchime Defterleri’nin de Fatih devrinden itibaren tutulmu\u015f oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. 1553’ten \u00f6nceki defterlerin durumu hakk\u0131nda pek fazla bilgi bulunmamaktad\u0131r. M\u00fchime defterleri serisinde 263 adet defter mevcuttur. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 ve biti\u015f tarihleri 961-1323h-1553-1905m dir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kaynak:<\/strong> 22 Ekim 2007 Tahrir, Arap\u00e7a’da “yaz\u0131m” anlam\u0131na gelir. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nde, tahrir, topra\u011f\u0131n m\u00fclkiyet ve tasarruf hukukunu, reayan\u0131n (ahalinin, halk\u0131n) y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerini belirlemek, vergi t\u00fcr ve miktarlar\u0131n\u0131 saptamak i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan arazi ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc n\u00fcfus yaz\u0131m i\u015fidir. Arazi ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc yaz\u0131m sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015flendi\u011fi defterlere Tahrir Defterleri denir. Sadece y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc say\u0131m (tahrir-i n\u00fcfus) sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015flendi\u011fi defterlere ise Esame Defterleri denilir. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde k\u00f6yl\u00fc kitlelerinin \u00fcretti\u011fi tar\u0131msal fazlaya vergi-rant bi\u00e7iminde el konulmas\u0131na dayan\u0131yordu. Bunun gelir kayb\u0131na u\u011framaks\u0131z\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi, en az art\u0131k aktar\u0131lmas\u0131yla olabildi\u011fince \u00e7ok asker\u00ee y\u00f6neticiye dirlik verilmesi ve de merkez\u00ee hazinenin beslenmesi i\u00e7in ba\u015fl\u0131ca y\u00f6ntem tahrirlerdir. Tahrir, t\u0131mar da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n, yani g\u00f6stermi\u015f oldu\u011fu veya g\u00f6sterece\u011fi<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1064],"tags":[4719,4716,4718,4717,156,4243,4714,4715],"class_list":["post-6557","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tarih","tag-dirlik","tag-divan-i-humayun","tag-esame-defterleri","tag-muhimme-defterleri","tag-osmanli","tag-tahrir-defterleri","tag-tapu-tahrir-defteri","tag-timar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6557","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6557"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6557\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6558,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6557\/revisions\/6558"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6557"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=6557"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=6557"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
1. AnaBritannica Genel K\u00fclt\u00fcr Ansiklopedisi, Cilt 20, Ana Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, s: 332-333.
2. Mustafa Nihat \u00d6z\u00f6n, B\u00fcy\u00fck Osmanl\u0131ca-T\u00fcrk\u00e7e S\u00f6zl\u00fck, 5. Bas\u0131m, \u0130nk\u0131l\u00e2p ve Aka Kitabevleri, Ankara 1973.
3. Mustafa K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7, Osmanl\u0131 Tarih Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131nda M\u00fchimme Defterlerinin Yeri ve 107 Numaral\u0131 M\u00fchime Defteri, http:\/\/www.cumhuriyet.edu.tr\/akademik\/fak_ilahiyat\/der72\/011-mkilic.htm<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yay\u0131m: ?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n