ipek elli dokumac\u0131 k\u0131z\u0131n gergefindeki her yeni nak\u0131\u015f
sevdalar\u0131n bulu\u015ftu\u011fu bir g\u00fcl bah\u00e7esi olsun<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n
Culfac\u0131l\u0131k kaybolan mesleklerin ba\u015f\u0131nda gelir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00c7ocuklu\u011fumda \u00c7ermik\u2019e dedemin yan\u0131na gitti\u011fimde, dedem \u00e7o\u011funlukla bez dokurdu. Dedemi, dedemin dokuma tezg\u00e2h\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131ndaki oturu\u015funu, omzunda hep as\u0131l\u0131 duran mahrama denilen b\u00fcy\u00fck mendiliyle terini sili\u015fini, Hekal(1)<\/sup> Da\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde ip yumaklar\u0131n\u0131 \u015firezlemesi ve \u00e7ezme \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc, \u00d6mer day\u0131mla ona yard\u0131m edi\u015fimizi unutmad\u0131m. Dedem iyi bir culfac\u0131yd\u0131. Dokudu\u011fu culfa bezlerini Ergani\u2019ye getirip Meydan\u2019da satard\u0131. Tehto Ahmet en iyi m\u00fc\u015fterisiydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00c7ermik\u2019te bez dokuma tezg\u00e2hlar\u0131na, \u201cculfa\u201d; bez dokuyanlara, \u201cculfac\u0131\u201d denirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Culfa s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fik kaynaklarda arad\u0131m; ama kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bulamad\u0131m. S\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn Ermeni\u2019ce oldu\u011funu tahmin ediyorum. Tarihi bilgiler biraz bunu do\u011fruluyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Culfa (Julfa), Nah\u00e7ivan b\u00f6lgesinde bir Ermeni kasabas\u0131 olarak bilinir. MS. 1603 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u015eah Abbas b\u00f6lgeyi fetheder; ama Osmanl\u0131 ak\u0131nlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 gerekli \u00f6nlemleri alamaz. Bunun \u00fcst\u00fcne MS. 1605 y\u0131l\u0131nda b\u00f6lgenin zenginliklerini talan ettirir ve Ermenileri i\u00e7 b\u00f6lgelere g\u00f6\u00e7e zorlar. Culfa\u2019y\u0131 yak\u0131p y\u0131kar. Amac\u0131, Culfa\u2019daki zenginliklerin Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7memesidir. G\u00f6\u00e7e zorlanan Ermeniler \u0130sfahan yak\u0131n\u0131nda Yeni Culfa yerle\u015fimini kurarlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Culfa, dokumac\u0131 ustalar\u0131 ile bilinir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Pek \u00e7ok kaynak, Culfa\u2019dan Osmanl\u0131, Pers ve Rusya\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7 eden ustalardan s\u00f6z eder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ustan\u0131n olabilmesi i\u00e7in dokuma tezg\u00e2hlar\u0131n\u0131n ve dokuma i\u015flerinin olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ermenice s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerin T\u00fcrk\u00e7e veya Fars\u00e7aya d\u00fczenli \u00e7evrildi\u011fi iddia edilemez. \u201cCulfal\u0131 dokumac\u0131lar\u201d, culfac\u0131lar; \u201cculfa tezg\u00e2hlar\u0131\u201d, culfa olarak T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye uyarlanm\u0131\u015f olamaz m\u0131? Belki de bu bi\u00e7imdeki de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi Ermeni ustalar yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ermenilerden bez sat\u0131n alanlar, baz\u0131 s\u00f6zc\u00fckleri de de\u011fi\u015ftirerek benimsiyorlard\u0131. (Armenians and Russia 1626-1796, A documentary Record-George A. Bournoutian)<\/p>\n\n\n\n Culfac\u0131l\u0131k \u00c7ermik\u2019te \u00e7ok yayg\u0131nd\u0131. Culfac\u0131l\u0131k ve culfa tezg\u00e2hlar\u0131 y\u0131llarca \u00c7ermik\u2019in ge\u00e7im kayna\u011f\u0131 olmu\u015f, o g\u00fcnlerin \u00f6nemli mesle\u011fi ve ileri sanayi makinalar\u0131 olarak zamana damgas\u0131n\u0131 vurmu\u015f kaybolan bir meslektir.<\/p>\n\n\n Culfac\u0131l\u0131k, \u00e7ok zor bir meslektir; u\u011fra\u015f\u0131, yo\u011fun emek ve al\u0131nteri ister, ama ayn\u0131 zaman\u0131nda eskiden \u00e7ok itibarl\u0131yd\u0131, insanlar\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir kazan\u00e7 kap\u0131s\u0131yd\u0131. Tarlada pamuk ekiminden ba\u015flayarak \u00e7ift\u00e7iye, k\u00f6yl\u00fcye gelir getirmi\u015f; pamuk \u00e7\u0131r\u00e7\u0131r fabrikalar\u0131nda i\u015flenirken hem fabrika sahiplerine ve hem de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan gen\u00e7 ve ya\u015fl\u0131 insanlara ekmek kap\u0131s\u0131 olmu\u015f; i\u015flenen pamuktan elde edilen iplik sanatk\u00e2rlar taraf\u0131ndan culfa tezg\u00e2h\u0131 denilen makinalarda beze d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f; bir taraftan sat\u0131larak gelir kayna\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f, di\u011fer taraftan o g\u00fcn\u00fcn zor ko\u015fullar\u0131nda giyim ku\u015fam olarak halk\u0131n ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n Dokuma gere\u00e7lerinden K\u0131l Tara\u011f\u0131 (\u015eane Pe\u015fmi) -Foto: Mustafa Karabulut<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00c7ermik\u2019e culfa tezg\u00e2hlar\u0131 ilk olarak 1940\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n sonuna do\u011fru Malatyal\u0131 t\u00fcccarlar taraf\u0131ndan getirilip kurulmu\u015ftur. \u0130lk ustalar\u0131 onlar yeti\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Tezg\u00e2hlar\u0131n kurulu\u015funun ard\u0131ndan \u00e7ok k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede 100\u2019den fazla culfa tezg\u00e2h\u0131 kurulmu\u015f; ustas\u0131, \u00e7\u0131ra\u011f\u0131 ve kalfas\u0131yla insanlar bu tezg\u00e2hlardan ekmek yemeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Dokuma gere\u00e7lerinden Meklef. – Foto: Mustafa Karabulut<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Culfac\u0131lar\u0131n dokudu\u011fu bez \u00fcretimi tarlada toplanan pamu\u011fun, \u00e7\u0131r\u00e7\u0131r fabrikalar\u0131nda \u00e7i\u011fidinden (\u00e7ekirdek) ayr\u0131lmas\u0131yla ba\u015flard\u0131. Sonra pamuk \u00e7irik (\u00e7\u0131kr\u0131k) denilen ip e\u011firme tezg\u00e2hlar\u0131nda iplik haline getirilir ve bu iplikler dokunmak \u00fczere culfac\u0131lara teslim edilirdi. As\u0131l zorluk bundan sonra ba\u015flard\u0131; kelef halindeki ipler \u015firezli suda \u0131slat\u0131larak \u0131slah edilir ve \u00e7ezme denilen i\u015flemden ge\u00e7irilirdi. \u00c7ezme, a\u00e7\u0131k arazide yere s\u0131ras\u0131yla \u00e7ak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f 50-60 kadar a\u011fa\u00e7 kaz\u0131k etraf\u0131nda ipli\u011fin doland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u015flemidir. Bunu yaparken deste\u00e7a\u011f denilen masuralar\u0131n tak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 elle ta\u015f\u0131nan bir apreden yararlan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Masura; ipli\u011fin sar\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kam\u0131\u015ftan veya a\u011fa\u00e7tan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f k\u0131sa borular olup, iplik \u00e7\u0131r\u0131kta bu borular \u00fczerine sar\u0131l\u0131r. Masuralar hem \u00e7ezme esnas\u0131nda ve hem de bez dokuma esnas\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. \u00c7ezme i\u015flemi bitince, kaz\u0131klarda kuruma i\u00e7in gerili b\u0131rak\u0131lan iplikler ba\u011f halinde sar\u0131larak b\u00fcy\u00fck\u00e7e yumak olu\u015fturulur ve dokunmak \u00fczere culfa tezg\u00e2h\u0131na getirilirdi. Dokuma ustalar\u0131 yuma\u011f\u0131 ay\u0131rarak, tek s\u0131ra halinde iplikleri tezg\u00e2ha monta eder, ard\u0131ndan iplikler k\u00fcc\u00fc ve tarak denen b\u00f6lmelerden ge\u00e7irir ve top denilen tahtadan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f silindire ba\u011flard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B\u00fct\u00fcn bu i\u015flemler yap\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra, ancak bez dokuma i\u015flemine ba\u015flan\u0131rd\u0131. Erkekli kad\u0131nl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131raklar\u0131n, kalfalar\u0131n, ustalar\u0131n haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 masuralar mekik denilen dokuma par\u00e7as\u0131na tak\u0131l\u0131r. Ustalar tezg\u00e2htaki k\u00fcc\u00fc-tarak-mekik-ayakl\u0131k denilen aletleri ustal\u0131kla kullanarak dokumaya ba\u015flard\u0131lar. Dokuma tezg\u00e2h\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131yla birlikte, y\u00f6renin en g\u00fczel t\u00fcrk\u00fclerini yan\u0131k sesli ustalar ya da \u00e7\u0131kr\u0131kta masura saran \u00e7\u0131raklar s\u00f6ylemeye ba\u015flard\u0131. G\u00fcn\u00fcn sonunda 5- 10 metre kuma\u015f dokunur; dokunan kuma\u015flar belirli bir metreye ula\u015f\u0131nca \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerek paket yap\u0131l\u0131p t\u00fcccara teslim edilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n Dokuma gere\u00e7lerinden Hala\u00e7 (Kews, K\u00fcwan). -Foto: Mustafa Karabulut<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Cuma g\u00fcnleri culfac\u0131lar\u0131n tatil g\u00fcnleriydi, o g\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmazd\u0131. Kazan\u0131lan paralar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ev ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na, bir k\u0131sm\u0131 da \u00c7ay \u00f6n\u00fcnde i\u00e7ki ve e\u011flenceye harcan\u0131rd\u0131. Annemin day\u0131s\u0131 Muharrem S\u00fcmb\u00fcl, dedem Fahri De\u011firmenci ve daha ba\u015fka bir iki culfac\u0131 hari\u00e7 hemen hemen t\u00fcm \u00c7ermik\u2019teki culfac\u0131lar bu i\u00e7ki ve e\u011flence \u00e2lemlerine kat\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00c7ermik\u2019te benim tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131m ve bildi\u011fim culfac\u0131lar; Fahri De\u011firmenci, Veyis De\u011firmenci, Muharrem S\u00fcmb\u00fcl, Ali S\u00fcsen, Ali Zilkif Ke\u00e7eci, S\u00fcleyman Ke\u00e7eci, Osman Bardak\u00e7\u0131\u2019d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Daha sonralar\u0131 culfac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ikinci a\u015famas\u0131 diyece\u011fimiz yeni tezg\u00e2hlara ge\u00e7ildi. Bu, daha geli\u015fmi\u015f ve modern \u00c7ekme Tezg\u00e2hlar da yine Malatyal\u0131 t\u00fcccarlar taraf\u0131ndan il\u00e7eye getirildi. \u00c7ekme Tezg\u00e2hlar\u2019\u0131n gelmesiyle, t\u00fcm ustalar yeni getirilen ve g\u00fcnde 30- 40 metre \u00fcretim yap\u0131labilen bu culfa tezg\u00e2hlar\u0131na ge\u00e7ildi. Bu tezg\u00e2hlarda iki ve daha \u00e7ok renkli kuma\u015f \u00fcretimi m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fc, ancak sanayi ve tekstil sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn geli\u015fmesi, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ula\u015f\u0131m olanaklar\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 sonucu Bat\u0131\u2019dan getirilen basma, bazen, keten gibi daha kaliteli kuma\u015flar yerel \u00fcretimi baltalad\u0131 ve zamanla nostaljik \u00fcretim yapan ve Kapl\u0131ca\u2019ya gelen yerli turistlere hitap eden alaca olarak bilinen sofra bezi, \u00e7ar\u015faf ve s\u00fcs e\u015fyas\u0131 \u00fcretilip sat\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Halen il\u00e7ede 3-4 tezgah bu t\u00fcr \u00fcretime devam etmektedir\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n Culfac\u0131 Mehmet Kama\u015f tezgah ba\u015f\u0131nda (\u00c7ermik). -Foto: M. Karabulut<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n M. \u00dcz\u00fclmez ve eski Culfac\u0131lardan Muharrem S\u00fcmb\u00fcl (Day\u0131-Ye\u011fen). Yer: \u00c7ermik, Y\u0131l: 2001<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n (1) Hekal s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn Aramicede Mabet anlam\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan Hekhal s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyle bir alakas\u0131 var m\u0131 acaba?<\/p>\n\n\n\n 16 Mart 2007 tarihinde Ergani Haber gazetesinde, <\/p>\n\n\n isterim kiipek elli dokumac\u0131 k\u0131z\u0131n gergefindeki her yeni nak\u0131\u015fsevdalar\u0131n bulu\u015ftu\u011fu bir g\u00fcl bah\u00e7esi olsun Culfac\u0131l\u0131k kaybolan mesleklerin ba\u015f\u0131nda gelir. \u00c7ocuklu\u011fumda \u00c7ermik\u2019e dedemin yan\u0131na gitti\u011fimde, dedem \u00e7o\u011funlukla bez dokurdu. Dedemi, dedemin dokuma tezg\u00e2h\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131ndaki oturu\u015funu, omzunda hep as\u0131l\u0131 duran mahrama denilen b\u00fcy\u00fck mendiliyle terini sili\u015fini, Hekal(1) Da\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde ip yumaklar\u0131n\u0131 \u015firezlemesi ve \u00e7ezme \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc, \u00d6mer day\u0131mla ona yard\u0131m edi\u015fimizi unutmad\u0131m. Dedem iyi bir culfac\u0131yd\u0131. Dokudu\u011fu culfa bezlerini Ergani\u2019ye getirip Meydan\u2019da satard\u0131. Tehto Ahmet en iyi m\u00fc\u015fterisiydi. \u00c7ermik\u2019te bez dokuma tezg\u00e2hlar\u0131na, \u201cculfa\u201d; bez dokuyanlara, \u201cculfac\u0131\u201d denirdi. Culfa s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fik kaynaklarda arad\u0131m; ama kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bulamad\u0131m. S\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn Ermeni\u2019ce oldu\u011funu tahmin ediyorum. Tarihi bilgiler biraz<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1197,1064],"tags":[304,4481,1636,4484,393,4482,4480,4483,2048,4485],"class_list":["post-6422","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-kultur","category-tarih","tag-cermik","tag-culfacilar","tag-culfacilik","tag-dokumaci","tag-ermeniler","tag-hekal","tag-mehmet-kamas","tag-muharrem-sumbul","tag-mustafa-karabulut","tag-nurettin-degirmenci-osman-bardakci"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6422","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6422"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6422\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6625,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6422\/revisions\/6625"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6422"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=6422"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=6422"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/c1-1.jpg\")
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Dokuma gere\u00e7lerinden \u00c7\u0131kr\u0131k (\u00c7irik) -Foto: Mustafa Karabulut<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/c2.jpg\")
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Eyl\u00fcl 2008’de http:\/\/www.vengero.com\/Tarih-.–.-.htm sitesinde,
Ekim 2008 de http:\/\/www.wekfacermug.de sitesinde yay\u0131mland\u0131.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n