<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Urfa’n\u0131n s\u00fcrekli peygamberler \u015fehri oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenir. Me\u011fer bo\u015funa de\u011filmi\u015f, dahas\u0131 varm\u0131\u015f: Urfa il s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde yer alan G\u00f6bekli Tepe, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczden 12 bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce bir inan\u00e7 merkezi, insano\u011flunun ilk hac yerlerinden biriymi\u015f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
G\u00f6bekli Tepe gizemli oldu\u011fu kadar, hik\u00e2yesi de ilgin\u00e7tir. \u015eavak ad\u0131nda bir \u00e7ift\u00e7i, bir g\u00fcn tarlas\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrerken bir heykel bulur. \u00c7evresinin y\u00f6nlendirmesiyle buldu\u011fu heykeli para eder d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle m\u00fczeye g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr. M\u00fczedeki yetkililer heykelin tarihi bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sav\u0131yla heykeli m\u00fcze ambar\u0131na atarlar. Y\u0131llar sonra m\u00fczeye gelen uzman ki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan incelenen heykelin ger\u00e7ek de\u011feri anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r; heykelin bulundu\u011fu tepenin, birka\u00e7 metre derinli\u011fine inilince, sakl\u0131 muhte\u015fem tarih g\u00fcn y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kaz\u0131larla g\u00fcn y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kan ve \u00fcnlenen G\u00f6bekli Tepe, Urfa’n\u0131n 20 km kuzeydo\u011fusunda yer almaktad\u0131r. Denizden y\u00fcksekli\u011fi 834 metredir. Urfa’dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclebilecek bir yerde, geni\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f mesafelerini g\u00f6rebilecek h\u00e2kim bir noktadad\u0131r. Bu co\u011frafi konumu, G\u00f6bekli Tepe’nin \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelliklerinden biridir. Tepe’de, bug\u00fcn bir ziyaret, bir dilek a\u011fac\u0131 ve eski bir mezarl\u0131k bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u0130nsano\u011flunun en b\u00fcy\u00fck ad\u0131mlar\u0131ndan biri olan Neolitik Devrim’in, yani tar\u0131m\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131n, hayvanlar\u0131n evcille\u015ftirilmesinin, ilk kurulan k\u00f6ylerle birlikte yerle\u015fik ya\u015fama ge\u00e7i\u015fin, s\u0131n\u0131fla\u015fman\u0131n n\u00fcvelerinin olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n; k\u0131sacas\u0131 uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ilk ad\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n at\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi \u00e7ekirdek b\u00f6lgelerden biri, belki de en \u00f6nemlisi olan Bereketli Hilal topraklar\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r. Neolitik D\u00f6nem’in (Ta\u015f \u00c7a\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n) \u00f6nemli yerle\u015fim yerlerinden biridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00d6nemli olu\u015funun nedeni, son avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131 topluluklara dair bilgiler bar\u0131nd\u0131rmas\u0131, tarihsel olarak, yerle\u015fik ya\u015fama ge\u00e7i\u015f a\u015famas\u0131n\u0131 temsil etmesi ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczden 12 biny\u0131l \u00f6ncesine \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutmas\u0131ndand\u0131r. Alman arkeolog Klaus Schmidt ve ekibi 12 y\u0131ld\u0131r G\u00f6bekli Tepe’de kaz\u0131 ve incelemeler yap\u0131yor. Elde edilen bulgulardan ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 ger\u00e7ek \u015fu: G\u00f6bekli Tepe, son avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131 topluluklar\u0131n in\u015fa etti\u011fi, son derece g\u00f6rkemli bir k\u00fclt (tap\u0131nma) merkezi, bir tap\u0131naklar da\u011f\u0131. B\u00fcy\u00fck bir de\u011fi\u015fimin arifesinde olan, ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6neminin t\u00fcm sanc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015fayan avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131 topluluklar, bir anlamda, en az\u0131ndan tap\u0131naklar\u0131yla yerle\u015fik ya\u015fama ge\u00e7mi\u015fler. \u00dcstelik sand\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zdan \u00e7ok daha geli\u015fmi\u015f ve karma\u015f\u0131k say\u0131labilecek bir semboller d\u00fcnyas\u0131na ve inan\u00e7 sistemine sahip olarak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
G\u00f6bekli Tepe, yerle\u015fim yerinden \u00f6te, bir tap\u0131nak merkezidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bulunan mimari yap\u0131lar g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fama y\u00f6nelik de\u011fil, aksine \u00f6zel ama\u00e7lar (Hac) i\u00e7in yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f k\u00fclt yap\u0131lard\u0131r. Nevali \u00c7ori, Karahantepe (Ke\u00e7eli Tepe), Sefer Tepe gibi yerler ayni k\u00fclt\u00fcre ait daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck boyutlu uydu yerle\u015fim yerleri olarak varsay\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7ay\u00f6n\u00fc (Qort\u00ea Ber \u00c7em) yerle\u015fmesinde Neolitik D\u00f6nem’e ait t\u00f6rensel binalar\u0131n, \u00f6zellikle yuvarlak yap\u0131lar ve \u0131zgara planl\u0131 yap\u0131lar evresi G\u00f6bekli Tepe ile \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f olmas\u0131 nedeniyle, bu evrelerde ya\u015fanan ortak bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrden, d\u00f6nemin \u00c7ay\u00f6n\u00fc insanlar\u0131n\u0131n G\u00f6bekli Tepe ile ili\u015fki i\u00e7erisinde oldu\u011fu, birbirilerinden haberdar olduklar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
G\u00f6bekli Tepe, Neolitik D\u00f6nem’de kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve sonrada terk edilmi\u015ftir. G\u00f6bekli Tepe’nin an\u0131tsal yap\u0131lar\u0131, onu yapan Neolitik D\u00f6nem insanlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan bilin\u00e7li olarak doldurulmu\u015f, bir nevi g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu d\u00f6nemde ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imlerini de de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye ba\u015flayan son avc\u0131lar, eski kimliklerini, avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131 ya\u015famlar\u0131nda onlar i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli olan inan\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131, sembol d\u00fcnyalar\u0131n\u0131 tahrip etmeden kapatarak terk etmi\u015flerdir. Bu nedenle son avc\u0131lar\u0131n bulu\u015fma merkezi olan e\u015fsiz tap\u0131naklar da\u011f\u0131, \u0131ss\u0131z, \u0131rak, sessiz do\u011fal ortamda, tahrip edilmeden g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar ula\u015fabilmi\u015ftir. (Nal\u00e2n Mahsereci, Prof. Dr. Klaus Schmidt ile s\u00f6yle\u015fi\/Son avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131 topluluklar\u0131n g\u00f6rkemli izi: G\u00f6bekli Tepe, Bilim ve Gelecek dergisi, Aral\u0131k 2007, say\u0131: 46.)
***
G\u00f6bekli Tepe’de kaz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcten Prof. Dr. Klaus Schmidt’in kaz\u0131lardan elde etti\u011fi bulgular ve literat\u00fcr\u00fcnden edindi\u011fi bilgiler Ta\u015f \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 Avc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n Gizemli Kutsal Alan\u0131 G\u00d6BEKL\u0130 TEPE -En Eski Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 Yapanlar ad\u0131yla, \u0130stanbul’da (2006’da) Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kitap olarak yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kitap, bilimsel yay\u0131n amac\u0131yla de\u011fil, bilgilendirme ve G\u00f6bekli Tepe’yi okuyucuya tan\u0131tmak amac\u0131yla kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kitab\u0131n merkezinde, yazar\u0131n deyimiyle “T\u00fcrkiye’nin G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu’sunda G\u00f6bekli Tepe buluntu alan\u0131 yer almaktad\u0131r”. G\u00f6bekli Tepe, “\u00f6zel \u015feyleri” i\u00e7inde bar\u0131nd\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00d6ns\u00f6z’de; “Bu kitab\u0131, \u00f6m\u00fcrleri boyunca \u00fcrettikleri eserlerle, gen\u00e7 ku\u015faklar\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131na -hi\u00e7 ku\u015fkusuz \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli \u015fekilde- y\u00f6n veren Linda ve Robert Braidwood’a sunmay\u0131 \u00e7ok isterdim. Ama art\u0131k m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil; bu kitab\u0131 daha \u00f6nce bitirmeliydim, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Robert ve Linda’n\u0131n \u00f6m\u00fcrleri 90’l\u0131 ya\u015flar\u0131nda sone erdi. Robert’in, Steven Spielberg i\u00e7in Indiana Jones’un prototipini olu\u015fturup olu\u015fturmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 da bu arada s\u00f6z konusu edildi. Hi\u00e7 ku\u015fkusuz o, yan\u0131nda uyumlu e\u015fi Linda Han\u0131m’la, arkeoloji camias\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131ra d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir temsilcisiydi. 1964 y\u0131l\u0131nda Halet \u00c7ambel ile birlikte ba\u015flat\u0131lan \u00c7ay\u00f6n\u00fc kaz\u0131lar\u0131, \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck gibi k\u0131sa zamanda pop\u00fcler olmad\u0131 ama \u00c7ay\u00f6n\u00fc, sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 itibariyle yava\u015f\u00e7a, ancak g\u00fc\u00e7lenerek artan etkisiyle bug\u00fcn ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ara\u015ft\u0131rma seviyesine giden yolda \u00f6nemli mil ta\u015flar\u0131ndan biri oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bir T\u00fcrk-Alman ortak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 olan ‘F\u0131rat Projesi’ kurucusu ve destekleyicisi, \u0130stanbul Alman Arkeoloji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc’n\u00fcn (DAI) eski m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc Harald Hauptmann’\u0131n att\u0131\u011f\u0131 temel olmadan bu kitap yaz\u0131lamazd\u0131. O, 1983 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flayan Nevali \u00c7ori kaz\u0131s\u0131yla, \u00c7ay\u00f6n\u00fc ile a\u00e7\u0131lan yolu arkeolojinin yeni yurtlar\u0131na do\u011fru devam ettirdi. Ta\u015f \u00c7a\u011f\u0131’ndan bilinen fig\u00fcratif nesnelerin hepsini g\u00f6lgede b\u0131rakan, kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131ndan yap\u0131lma b\u00fcy\u00fck boyuttaki heykeller ilk kez g\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmaktayd\u0131” diye yazmaktad\u0131r. (s.15-16)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kitab\u0131n ilerleyen sayfalar\u0131nda ise, \u00f6nemli tespitler yapmaktad\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
“F\u0131rat ve Dicle aras\u0131ndaki yukar\u0131 b\u00f6lgenin, Bereketli Hilal’in ya da di\u011fer taraftan form\u00fcle edildi\u011fi gibi ‘Alt\u0131n \u00dc\u00e7gen’in karn\u0131 oldu\u011fu bir resim gibi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6lge \u00e7ok geni\u015f ve arkeolojik a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00e7ok az ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte tam burada, heykeller ve kabartmalar\u0131n \u015fimdiye kadar hi\u00e7 bilinmeyen d\u00fcnyas\u0131na i\u015faret eden Urfa ve g\u00f6rkemli yap\u0131lar\u0131yla G\u00f6bekli Tepe yer almakta. Bu yap\u0131lar, \u00fcrk\u00fct\u00fcc\u00fc bek\u00e7i fig\u00fcrlerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra hen\u00fcz bilinmeyen bir resim dilinin repuartar\u0131 ve i\u00e7eri\u011fine ait, kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k ve k\u0131smen ger\u00e7ekd\u0131\u015f\u0131 gibi gelen betimlere sahiptir. Nerdeyse, Hieronymus Bosch’un allegorik (mecazi) resimlerinden birindeki garip bir resimler senaryosunun kendini yaymas\u0131 gibi; yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda orada olanlar taraf\u0131ndan okunmas\u0131 olduk\u00e7a kolay ama bilmeyenler i\u00e7in tehlikeli, \u00fcrk\u00fct\u00fcc\u00fc, korkun\u00e7 ya da bar\u0131\u015fsal anlam i\u00e7eriklerini aktaran bir durum s\u00f6z konusudur. Burada bir ba\u015fka d\u00fcnyan\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011fi en az\u0131ndan onun hayvanlar taraf\u0131ndan temsili, ilk olarak bitirildi\u011finde orada olmayan ki\u015filer i\u00e7in de netle\u015fmektedir. Ancak tanr\u0131sal \u00f6z\u00fcn (numen) daha G\u00f6bekli Tepe’de hen\u00fcz isme (nomen) d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcp d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmedi\u011fini; burada sadece ruhlar, cinler ya da di\u011fer transzendental (a\u015fk\u0131nsal) g\u00fc\u00e7lerin sahneye \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p \u00e7\u0131kmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131; ya da tanr\u0131lar ve tanr\u0131\u00e7alar\u0131n da bunun i\u00e7ine kar\u0131\u015f\u0131p kar\u0131\u015fmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, ta\u015f kaynaklar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n \u00f6zellikleri nedeniyle belki de hi\u00e7bir zaman bilemeyece\u011fiz. Ancak burada tap\u0131lanlar\u0131n ger\u00e7ek yap\u0131s\u0131 gizli kalsa da, yine de tap\u0131nak kavram\u0131n\u0131n, bu Ta\u015f \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 \u00f6zel yap\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in uygun oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmekteyim. Bizler, \u00dcst Paleoliti\u011fin t\u00fcm tanr\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 (pantheon) bilememekteyiz ve b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla da bunu hi\u00e7 bir zaman \u00f6\u011frenemeyece\u011fiz; ancak G\u00f6bekli Tepe ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda saptad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z, bu tapmaklarda kendini g\u00f6steren k\u00fclt ve dinin; Yak\u0131ndo\u011fu’daki Neolitik d\u00f6nemin geli\u015fimin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc d\u00fcrt\u00fcleri oldu\u011fu, gittik\u00e7e g\u00fc\u00e7lenmektedir. Bu da insanl\u0131k tarihini ve atalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc biraz daha a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fturmay\u0131 vaat etmektedir ve bu nedenle de Ta\u015f \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 avc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n kutsal da\u011f\u0131nda bundan sonra yap\u0131lacak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n d\u00f6nem hakk\u0131nda bilgi da\u011farc\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 geli\u015ftirmekte \u00f6nemli bir rol oynayaca\u011f\u0131 kesindir.” (s.285)
***
Yak\u0131ndo\u011fu’da en eski tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 yapanlar G\u00f6bekli Tepeliler; ilk yerle\u015fik hayata ge\u00e7enler ise \u00c7ay\u00f6n\u00fc\/Qort\u00ea Ber \u00c7em (Ergani), Nevala \u00c7ori (Hilvan), Hallan \u00c7em (Silvan) gibi yerle\u015fim yerlerinde ya\u015fayanlard\u0131r. Ona g\u00f6re ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z co\u011frafyan\u0131n tarihi zenginli\u011finin ve farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131ymetini bilelim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
D\u00fcnya uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ortak miras\u0131 olan tarihi eserlerimizi tan\u0131yal\u0131m, tan\u0131tal\u0131m ve g\u00f6zbebe\u011fimizcesine koruyal\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
18 A\u011fustos 2008 tarihinde www.sivildusunce.com sitesinde, Urfa’n\u0131n s\u00fcrekli peygamberler \u015fehri oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenir. Me\u011fer bo\u015funa de\u011filmi\u015f, dahas\u0131 varm\u0131\u015f: Urfa il s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde yer alan G\u00f6bekli Tepe, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczden 12 bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce bir inan\u00e7 merkezi, insano\u011flunun ilk hac yerlerinden biriymi\u015f. G\u00f6bekli Tepe gizemli oldu\u011fu kadar, hik\u00e2yesi de ilgin\u00e7tir. \u015eavak ad\u0131nda bir \u00e7ift\u00e7i, bir g\u00fcn tarlas\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrerken bir heykel bulur. \u00c7evresinin y\u00f6nlendirmesiyle buldu\u011fu heykeli para eder d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle m\u00fczeye g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr. M\u00fczedeki yetkililer heykelin tarihi bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sav\u0131yla heykeli m\u00fcze ambar\u0131na atarlar. Y\u0131llar sonra m\u00fczeye gelen uzman ki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan incelenen heykelin ger\u00e7ek de\u011feri anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r; heykelin bulundu\u011fu tepenin, birka\u00e7 metre derinli\u011fine inilince, sakl\u0131 muhte\u015fem tarih g\u00fcn y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kar. Kaz\u0131larla g\u00fcn y\u00fcz\u00fcne<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1064],"tags":[489,4378,614,4379,4380,611,1716,4381,4366,407],"class_list":["post-6284","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tarih","tag-cayonu","tag-cayonu-qorte-ber-cem-ergani","tag-gobekli-tepe","tag-hallan-cem-silvan","tag-insanlarin-ilk-kabesi","tag-klaus-schmidt","tag-neolitik-devrim","tag-nevala-cori-hilvan","tag-tas-cagi","tag-urfa"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6284","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6284"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6284\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6808,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6284\/revisions\/6808"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6284"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=6284"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=6284"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
28 A\u011fustos 2008 tarihinde Yeni Yurt gazetesinde yay\u0131mland\u0131.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n