Yerk\u00fcrenin farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinde yiyecek \u00fcretimi nerede, ne zaman ve nas\u0131l ba\u015flad\u0131?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu soruya yan\u0131t vermeden \u00f6nce, bu yerlerin, tarihlerin nas\u0131l saptand\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusuna k\u0131saca de\u011finmek gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Arkeologlar yiyecek \u00fcretiminin tarihini, o kaz\u0131 yerinde bulunan karbonlu maddeleri radyokarbon testinden ge\u00e7irerek saptarlar. Bu y\u00f6ntem, her yerde bulunan, hayat\u0131n yap\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131 olan karbonun \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan radyoaktif karbon 14\u2019\u00fcn \u00e7ok yava\u015f bir \u015fekilde bozunarak radyoaktif olmayan izotopu azot 14\u2019e d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi esas\u0131na dayan\u0131r. Karbon 14 atmosferde kozmik \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar taraf\u0131ndan s\u00fcrekli \u00fcretilmektedir. Bitkiler atmosferdeki karbonu al\u0131r ve bu bitki karbonu, bitkileri yiyen otobur hayvanlar\u0131n, otobur hayvanlar\u0131 yiyen etobur hayvanlar\u0131n g\u00f6vdelerinin yap\u0131 ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Bitki veya hayvan\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131 sonlad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yap\u0131s\u0131nda bulunan karbonun 14\u2019\u00fcn yar\u0131s\u0131 her 5700 y\u0131lda bir bozunarak karbon 12\u2019ye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Bir kaz\u0131 yerindeki buluntunun ya\u015f\u0131 o maddede bulunan karbon 14\u2019\u00fcn, karbon 12\u2019ye oran\u0131yla hesaplan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yiyecek \u00fcretiminin tarihini, bir tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc veya hayvan\u0131n nerede evcille\u015ftirildi\u011fini saptaman\u0131n ikinci bir yolu da, evcille\u015ftirilmi\u015f t\u00fcrler nerede ilk g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015fse, g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fckleri tarihleri bir haritan\u0131n \u00fczerinde o yerlere not edilmesiyle yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu y\u00f6ntemlerle evcil bitkilerin ya da hayvanlar\u0131n eski kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131y\u0131p bunlar\u0131n tarihlerini saptad\u0131ktan sonra, bunlar yaban atalar\u0131n\u0131n co\u011frafi da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren bir harita \u00fczerine not edilerek s\u00f6z konusu bitkinin ya da hayvan\u0131n kaz\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgede mi yoksa ba\u015fka yerlerde mi evcille\u015ftirildi\u011fine karar verilir. Burada analiz ve yorumun da \u00f6nemli bir pay\u0131 oldu\u011funu unutmamal\u0131y\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu y\u00f6ntemler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda elde edilen bilgilere g\u00f6re, Mezopotamya\u2019da meydana gelen iklim de\u011fi\u015fiklikleriyle birlikte, yaban tah\u0131llar\u0131n yeti\u015fti\u011fi, k\u0131sa zamanda b\u00fcy\u00fck hasatlar\u0131n al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerin alan\u0131 \u00e7ok geni\u015flemi\u015f ve bu tah\u0131l hasatlar\u0131, Kuzey Mezopotamya\u2019da ilk tar\u0131m bitkilerinin, bu\u011fday ve arpan\u0131n evcille\u015ftirilmesine do\u011fru giden yolda at\u0131lan ilk ad\u0131m olmu\u015ftur. Tabi ki, bu kolay olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczden yakla\u015f\u0131k 10-11 bin y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine kadar insanlar\u0131n hi\u00e7 tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ve evcil hayvanlar\u0131 yoktu. Sonralar\u0131 iklimin elveri\u015fli olmas\u0131 ve \u2018co\u011frafi \u015fans<\/em>\u2019 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden baz\u0131 tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ve hayvanlar\u0131n evcille\u015ftirilmesi sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kuzey Mezopotamya\u2019da bulunan Newala \u00c7ori <\/strong>(Hilvan-Urfa), \u00c7em\u00ea Xalan<\/strong> (Batman), \u00c7ay\u00f6n\u00fc\/ Qoteber\u00e7em<\/strong> (Ergani-Diyarbak\u0131r)\u2019de yakla\u015f\u0131k 10 bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce ekimi yap\u0131lan arpa, bu\u011fday \u00e7ok \u00fcst\u00fcn \u00f6zelliklere sahip oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, yaban bitkiler aras\u0131nda ilk tar\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lan bitkilerdir. Zaten bunlar yenebilir ve yaban haldeyken bile \u00e7ok \u00fcr\u00fcn veren bitkilerdir. Yeti\u015ftirilmesi \u00e7ok kolayd\u0131r, yaln\u0131z ekmek ya da dikmek yeterlidir. \u00c7abuk b\u00fcy\u00fcyor, ekildikten sonra bir\u00e7ok ay i\u00e7inde bi\u00e7ilebiliniyor. Ayr\u0131ca, kolayca toplanabilmektedirler. Erdi\u015fil olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7o\u011funlukla kendi kendilerine tozla\u015f\u0131r, d\u00f6llenirler. Bunlar\u0131n yaban atalar\u0131n\u0131 tar\u0131m bitkilerine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in pek az genetik de\u011fi\u015fiklik ge\u00e7irmelerine ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bu\u011fdayda yaln\u0131zca da\u011f\u0131lmayan ba\u015faklara ve tek bi\u00e7im h\u0131zl\u0131 filizlenmeye gerek vard\u0131r. Bu \u00f6zellikler, tarihin \u015fafa\u011f\u0131nda bulunan, hen\u00fcz g\u00f6\u00e7ebe avc\u0131l\u0131k ve yerle\u015fik aras\u0131ndaki bir s\u0131n\u0131rda bulunan Newala \u00c7ori, \u00c7em\u00ea Xalan ve \u00c7ay\u00f6n\u00fc\/ Qoteber\u00e7em\u2019in ait oldu\u011fu co\u011frafya i\u00e7in oldu\u011fu kadar D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n ilk \u00e7ift\u00e7ileri i\u00e7in de \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcklerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu\u011fday, arpa, mercimek, nohut gibi tah\u0131l bitkileri h\u0131zl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcmenin yan\u0131nda, y\u00fcksek oranda karbonhidrat i\u00e7ermeleri, i\u015flenmi\u015f toprakta hektar ba\u015f\u0131na bir tona varan oranda \u00fcr\u00fcn verme \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fckleri de vard\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn insanlar\u0131n t\u00fcketti\u011fi toplam kalorinin yar\u0131dan fazlas\u0131 tah\u0131llardan sa\u011flanmaktad\u0131r. Bu tah\u0131llar \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ba\u015fta gelen 12 \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc (bu\u011fday, arpa, pirin\u00e7, mercimek, m\u0131s\u0131r, dar\u0131 vs…) i\u00e7inde yer almaktad\u0131r. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta toplamak, ta\u015f\u0131mak (eve getirmek) ve yeti\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in ba\u015fka tah\u0131llar\u0131 de\u011fil de arpa ile bu\u011fday\u0131n se\u00e7ilmesi tesad\u00fcf\u00ee de\u011fil, bilin\u00e7li bir harekettir: Tohumun b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, tat, bolluk gibi kolay ama \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlere dayan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Arpa ve bu\u011fday\u0131n tar\u0131m\u0131na ba\u015flanmas\u0131 do\u011fal olarak di\u011fer yaban tah\u0131l bitkilerinin evcille\u015ftirilmesi fikrini ate\u015flemi\u015f ve yaban\u00ee bitki ve meyvelerin evcille\u015ftirilmesinin \u00f6n\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu at\u0131l\u0131mla, tohumlar avu\u00e7 avu\u00e7 serpilip ekilmek i\u00e7in sabana ko\u015fulabilecek hayvanlar evcille\u015ftirildi; daha \u00f6nceden \u00e7apalanan, kaz\u0131lan yerlere tohumlar\u0131n tek tek ekilmesi yerine tarlalar hayvan g\u00fcc\u00fcyle s\u00fcr\u00fclmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. Bu durum, insanl\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furmu\u015f bir \u2018geli\u015fme<\/em>\u2019dir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130nsanlar yiyecek \u00fcretimine ba\u015flay\u0131nca, do\u011fan\u0131n kontrol edilmesi\/\u00e7evresel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ve n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131; bo\u011faz say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131\u015f\u0131na paralel, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan el say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 sonucu \u00fcr\u00fcn\/\u00fcretimde muazzam art\u0131\u015f ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. \u00d6yle ki, Anadolu, Mezopotamya ve \u00c7in gibi yerlerde M\u00d6. 6000\u2019de baz\u0131 toplumlar neredeyse tamam\u0131yla tar\u0131m bitkileri ve evcil hayvanlarla ge\u00e7inir bir duruma geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n daha \u00f6nceleri A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Mezopotamya\u2019da ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve sonra da Kuzey Mezopotamya\u2019ya, Za\u011fros\u2019a do\u011fru yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenmektedir. Bu, do\u011fru de\u011fil; uygarl\u0131k ilk \u00f6nce Neolitik \u00e7a\u011fda kuzeyde, Za\u011fros\u2019ta, Toroslarda, yani Kuzey Mezopotamya\u2019da ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunu en iyi sezinleyenlerden biri R. J. Bradwood olmu\u015ftur; O, \u00f6teden beri tar\u0131ma ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ilk kez bu b\u00f6lgede ge\u00e7ilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunmu\u015ftur. Prof. Dr. Afif Erzen, bu yan\u0131lg\u0131y\u0131 \u201cbu da\u011fl\u0131k sahalarda hen\u00fcz yeterli derecelerde ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f<\/em>\u201d olu\u015fun ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak da yaz\u0131l\u0131 belgelerin azl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011flamaktad\u0131r. (Do\u011fu Anadolu ve Urartular<\/strong>, TTK Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, s. 21<\/em>.) Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Neolitik \u00e7a\u011fda ilk \u00f6nce kuzeyde ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n en iyi kan\u0131t\u0131 Newala \u00c7ori, \u00c7em\u00ea Xalan ve \u00c7ay\u00f6n\u00fc\/ Qoteber\u00e7em\u2019in varl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bu yan\u0131lg\u0131n\u0131n temel nedeni, Prof. Dr. Afif Erzen\u2019in de belirtti\u011fi gibi, arkeologlar\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve kaz\u0131lar\u0131na ilk \u00f6nce yerle\u015fim yerlerinin en eski olanlar\u0131ndan de\u011fil de, \u00e7a\u011f\u0131m\u0131za en yak\u0131n olanlar\u0131ndan ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131ndan kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. Daha sonra yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131lar, bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc temelden sarsm\u0131\u015f, uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n G\u00fcney Mezopotamya\u2019dan de\u011fil, Kuzeyden ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131, sonra da \u00e7evreye yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Amerikal\u0131 bilim adam\u0131 Jared Diamond, T\u00fcfek, Mikrop ve \u00c7elik <\/strong>adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda nohut \u00f6rne\u011fini ele alarak konuyu farkl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde do\u011frulamaktad\u0131r: \u201c[N]ohut, Akdeniz\u2019den, Etopya\u2019dan, do\u011fuda Hindistan\u2019a kadar geleneksel \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin her yerde yeti\u015ftirdikleri bir \u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fcr, Hindistan bug\u00fcn d\u00fcnyadaki nohut \u00fcretiminin %80\u2019ini yapmaktad\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden insan\u0131n yan\u0131l\u0131p nohutun Hindistan\u2019da evcille\u015ftirilmi\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sanmas\u0131 i\u015ften bile de\u011fildir. Oysa nohutun yaban atas\u0131 yaln\u0131zca T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin g\u00fcneydo\u011fusuda bulunur. Nohutun ger\u00e7ekten de orada evcille\u015ftirildi\u011fi yorumunu destekleyen bir olgu daha vard\u0131r: Evcille\u015ftirilmi\u015f olabilecek nohutun Cilal\u0131 Ta\u015f \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019ndan kalma arkeolojik y\u00f6relerde bulunan ve M\u00d6. yakla\u015f\u0131k 8000 y\u0131l\u0131na ait en eski kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131na G\u00fcneydo\u011fu T\u00fcrkiye ile onun hemen yak\u0131n\u0131ndaki Kuzey Suriye\u2019de rastlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; Hindistan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcney ucunda nohut oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steren arkeolojik kan\u0131tlara s\u00f6z konusu tarihten 5000 y\u0131l sonras\u0131na kadar rastlanmaz<\/em>.\u201d (T\u00dcB\u0130TAK Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, s. 126-127.<\/em>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sonu\u00e7: \u0130klim ve do\u011fal \u00e7evrenin uygun olu\u015fu, yaban bitki ve hayvanlar\u0131n \u00e7oklu\u011fu nedeniyle; arpa, bu\u011fday ve nohut gibi yaban bitkileri ve koyun, ke\u00e7i, inek, at gibi yaban hayvanlar\u0131n evcille\u015ftirilmesi ve yiyecek \u00fcretimine ge\u00e7i\u015f tarihte ilk defa Kuzey Mezopotamya\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f, uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ilk temeli de bu b\u00f6lgede at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r diyebiliriz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Not<\/strong>: Ramazan bayram\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 en i\u00e7ten duygularla kutlar, \u015feker tad\u0131nda bir Bayram dilerim. Sayg\u0131lar\u0131mla.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 9 Haziran 2018 tarihinde ve sonras\u0131nda<\/em><\/strong>: <\/p>\n\n\n Yerk\u00fcrenin farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinde yiyecek \u00fcretimi nerede, ne zaman ve nas\u0131l ba\u015flad\u0131? Bu soruya yan\u0131t vermeden \u00f6nce, bu yerlerin, tarihlerin nas\u0131l saptand\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusuna k\u0131saca de\u011finmek gerekir. Arkeologlar yiyecek \u00fcretiminin tarihini, o kaz\u0131 yerinde bulunan karbonlu maddeleri radyokarbon testinden ge\u00e7irerek saptarlar. Bu y\u00f6ntem, her yerde bulunan, hayat\u0131n yap\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131 olan karbonun \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan radyoaktif karbon 14\u2019\u00fcn \u00e7ok yava\u015f bir \u015fekilde bozunarak radyoaktif olmayan izotopu azot 14\u2019e d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi esas\u0131na dayan\u0131r. Karbon 14 atmosferde kozmik \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar taraf\u0131ndan s\u00fcrekli \u00fcretilmektedir. Bitkiler atmosferdeki karbonu al\u0131r ve bu bitki karbonu, bitkileri yiyen otobur hayvanlar\u0131n, otobur hayvanlar\u0131 yiyen etobur hayvanlar\u0131n g\u00f6vdelerinin yap\u0131 ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Bitki<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1064],"tags":[1214,896,900,1221,1220,1217,1186,899,1218,617,894,1219,1215,1216],"class_list":["post-4368","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tarih","tag-azot-14","tag-cayonu-2","tag-ceme-xalan","tag-erdisil","tag-jared-diamond","tag-karbon-14","tag-kuzey-mezopotamya","tag-newala-cori-2","tag-prof-dr-afif-erzen","tag-qotebercem","tag-r-j-bradwood","tag-radyokarbon","tag-tarim","tag-uygarligin-baslangic-noktasi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4368","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4368"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4368\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4370,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4368\/revisions\/4370"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4368"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4368"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4368"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
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yay\u0131mland\u0131.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n