Madencili\u011fin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131n\u0131, geli\u015fimini, sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ele almak i\u00e7in tarihin ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7indeki d\u00f6neme\u00e7lerden birini se\u00e7memiz gerekiyor. En uygun olarak 12000 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesini, yani Neolitik d\u00f6nemin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131n\u0131 alabiliriz. Ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z co\u011frafyan\u0131n tarihini bilmemiz a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bunun \u00f6nemli oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yap\u0131lan arkeolojik kaz\u0131lar sonucu; Diyarbak\u0131r-Ergani\u2019de bulunan \u00c7ay\u00f6n\u00fc\/ <\/strong>Qoteber\u00e7em yerle\u015fimi M\u00d6. 7500-5000, Urfa-Hilvan\u2019da bulunan Newala \u00c7ori <\/strong>yerle\u015fimi M\u00d6. 9000-7500, Batman\u2019daki \u00c7em\u00ea Xalan <\/strong>yerle\u015fimi M\u00d6. 10600-10000 y\u0131llar\u0131na tarihlenmektedir. Bu yerle\u015fimler Neolitik d\u00f6nemin en iyi ve en erken temsilcileridir. Ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle, bu yerler, uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Neolitik d\u00f6nemde\/Ta\u015f \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda ilk \u00f6nce bu co\u011frafyada ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n en iyi kan\u0131tlar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak 12000 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesi ile 5000 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesi aras\u0131nda Mezopotamya\u2019n\u0131n y\u00fckseli\u015fi Za\u011fros ve Kuzey Mezopotamya\u2019n\u0131n da\u011fl\u0131k b\u00f6lgelerindeki ilerleme ve ke\u015fifler tarihin ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 sonsuza dek de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015f, gezegenin \u00e7ehresini k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe u\u011fratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: Pek \u00e7ok \u015fey g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczden 10000 y\u0131l \u00f6nce ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z co\u011frafyan\u0131n da\u011flar\u0131nda ve vadilerinde ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6lgemizin uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n geli\u015fiminde oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nc\u00fc rol, zengin arkeolojik ve zoolojik-botanik buluntular\u0131n bollu\u011fuyla kan\u0131tlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00c7ay\u00f6n\u00fc\/ <\/strong>Qoteber\u00e7em, Newala \u00c7ori <\/strong>ve \u00c7em\u00ea Xalan yaz\u0131l\u0131 olmayan, bulunan bir tarihtir. Bu yerler, ilk arpa-bu\u011fday\u0131n ekiminin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, ilk olarak koyun-ke\u00e7i ve s\u0131\u011f\u0131r gibi yaban hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131n evcille\u015ftirildi\u011fi, tarihte ilk kez insan eliyle kerpi\u00e7 ve ev tipinde bar\u0131naklar\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerler olmas\u0131 nedeniyle uygarl\u0131k tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemi \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck yerlerdir. Tarihin \u015fafa\u011f\u0131nda uygarl\u0131\u011fa be\u015fiklik yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck sayesinde, yani ilk tar\u0131m\u0131n yap\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131, ilk yaban hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131n evcille\u015ftirilmesi, insan eliyle ilk bar\u0131naklar\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi toplumsal ilerlemeden dolay\u0131 n\u00fcfusta ve \u00fcretimde ya\u015fanan ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc patlama, daha fazla bulu\u015f ve ke\u015fiflerin yap\u0131lmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. Bu yerle\u015fim yerlerinde ya\u015fayanlar madencilik, kaba dokumac\u0131l\u0131k ve pi\u015firilmi\u015f \u00e7anak \u00e7\u00f6mlek\u00e7ilik, ayr\u0131ca \u015fehirle\u015fme, yaz\u0131 ve kay\u0131t tutma alanlar\u0131nda bulu\u015flar yaparak ya da bu bulu\u015flara b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131da bulunarak toplumsal geli\u015fmenin motoru olmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tarihte madencili\u011fin ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktas\u0131 \u00c7ay\u00f6n\u00fc\/ <\/strong>Qoteber\u00e7em, Newala \u00c7ori <\/strong>ve \u00c7em\u00ea Xalan \u00e7evresidir. Za\u011fros ve Toros da\u011flar\u0131 bak\u0131r ve demir cevherleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zengin bir aland\u0131r. Ve antik \u00e7a\u011f insanlar\u0131 bu alanda bulunan maden kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fletmesini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Harward \u00dcniversitesi (ABD) \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyesi Prof. Dr. Mehrdad R. Izady yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar sonucunda; \u201c\u0130nsan \u0131rk\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f devrinden devrimci maden (s\u0131ras\u0131yla bak\u0131r, bronz ve demir) \u00e7a\u011f\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131yan kimi ilk madencilik teknolojilerinin geli\u015fimi<\/em>\u201dnin\u201cDiyarbak\u0131r yak\u0131n\u0131nda bulunan 8000 y\u0131ll\u0131k \u00c7ay\u00f6n\u00fc b\u00f6lgesinde<\/em>\u201d ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini yazmaktad\u0131r. (Bir El Kitab\u0131 K\u00fcrtler, Doz Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2004, s. 392<\/em>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n Prof. Dr. Mehrdad R. Izady, yine ayn\u0131 kitab\u0131n bir ba\u015fka yerinde: \u201c\u00c7ay\u00f6n\u00fc\u2019ndeki topluluk, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n, madencili\u011fe ba\u015fvurdu\u011fu kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015f olan iki toplulu\u011fundan biri olmu\u015ftur (Braidwood 1969, Caldwell 1967). Burada ke\u015ffedilen bak\u0131r aletler, M\u00d6. 5. biny\u0131l\u0131n birinci yar\u0131s\u0131na tarihlenmektedir. Bak\u0131rdan ve kalaydan yap\u0131lan bir ala\u015f\u0131m olan bronz bak\u0131rdan daha kat\u0131 ve daha kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131d\u0131r, daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir \u0131s\u0131da erir ve bu y\u00fczden i\u015flenmesi daha kolayd\u0131r. \u00c7ay\u00f6n\u00fc\u2019nde bronz aletler M\u00d6. 4. biny\u0131lda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r; Avrupa\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131ndan tam\u0131 tam\u0131na 2000 y\u0131l \u00f6nce.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Gerekli maden cevherlerinin yak\u0131nlarda olu\u015fu, madencilik alan\u0131ndaki ilerlemeleri kolayla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Mezopotamya\u2019n\u0131n al\u00fcvyonlu ovalar\u0131 neredeyse t\u00fcm\u00fcyle maden rezervlerinden yoksunken, Za\u011fros, Toros, Amanos da\u011flar\u0131, ayr\u0131ca Cudi volkanik olu\u015fumlar\u0131 b\u00f6yle rezervlerle dolup ta\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Ger\u00e7ekten de, \u00c7ay\u00f6n\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc \u00e7evreleyen b\u00f6lge, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ya\u015fayan en eski end\u00fcstriyel yerle\u015fim b\u00f6lgesi olarak adland\u0131r\u0131labilir; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc neredeyse 7000 y\u0131l \u00f6nce ba\u015flayan bak\u0131r d\u00f6k\u00fcmlerinden ve bak\u0131r ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131ndan yap\u0131lma e\u015fya \u00fcreticili\u011fi g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de devam etmektedir<\/em>\u201d diye yazmaktad\u0131r. (M. R. Izady, a.g.e. s. 64<\/em>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n Prof. Dr. Halet \u00c7ambel de, \u00c7ay\u00f6n\u00fc\u2019nde yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131larda bulunan bak\u0131r buluntular\u0131 ile ilgili \u015funlar\u0131 yazmaktad\u0131r: \u201cDelgi ile b\u00fck\u00fck tel veya i\u011fnenin i\u00e7inde bak\u0131r bir \u00e7ekirdek a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr durumda idi. Ger\u00e7ekten de, uzmanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f laboratuarlarda yap\u0131lan metalografik, mikroskopik, spektralanalitik ve kiristalografik analizler sonunda, ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en buluntulardan bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n malakitten olmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, delgi ile b\u00fck\u00fck tel ya da i\u011fnenin ger\u00e7ekten do\u011fal bak\u0131r\u0131n d\u00f6\u011f\u00fclmesi yoluyla yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/em>.\u201d (G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu Tarih\u00f6ncesi Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n K\u00fclt\u00fcr Tarihi Bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00d6nemi, TTK Bas\u0131mevi, Ankara 1973, s. 39.<\/em>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu durum ba\u015fka yerlerde yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131larla da do\u011frulanmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Konya \u015fehrinin g\u00fcneybat\u0131s\u0131nda bu\u011fdayl\u0131k bir arazide bulunan ve M\u00d6. 5500 y\u0131llar\u0131na tarihlenen, Cilal\u0131 Ta\u015f ve Bak\u0131r devri bir yerle\u015fimi olan \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019te Neolitik d\u00f6neme ait yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131larda boncuk, y\u00fcz\u00fck, i\u011fne ve b\u0131z yap\u0131m\u0131nda \u201cErgani k\u00f6kenli<\/em>\u201d bak\u0131r\u0131n kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Veli Sevin, Anadolu Arkeolojisinin ABC\u2019si, Simavi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 1991, s. 23.<\/em>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ergani bak\u0131r madeni ocaklar\u0131n\u0131n, d\u00fcnyada bilinen en eski maden ocaklar\u0131 oldu\u011fu art\u0131k t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada bilim \u00e7evrelerince kabul edilmi\u015f olup, \u00c7ay\u00f6n\u00fc\/ Qoteber\u00e7em\u2019de d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ba\u015fka yerlerinden 2 bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce madencili\u011fe ge\u00e7ildi\u011fi ve t\u00fcm tarih\u00ee \u00e7a\u011flarda da \u00f6nemini hep korudu\u011fu belirtilmektedir (Max-Planck Insititute, \u00c7ay\u00f6n\u00fc andthe Beginnings of Metallurg<\/em>). Bu nedenle, bir\u00e7ok ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Ergani <\/strong>ad\u0131na temel te\u015fkil eden Arghini<\/em>yer ad\u0131n\u0131n arg<\/em>kelimesinden, geni\u015f anlamda maden ve di\u011fer metaller kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 maden yeri anlam\u0131na geldi\u011fini belirtmektedirler. Ergani s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde, \u00e7ok eski bir yerle\u015fim yeri olan ve eski bak\u0131r at\u00f6lyelerine verilen isimle an\u0131lan Kalhana <\/strong>(Yolk\u00f6pr\u00fc) k\u00f6y\u00fc, bak\u0131r madeninin (Erganibak\u0131r) ve Maden<\/strong>\u2019deki Ergani Bak\u0131r Maden \u0130\u015fletmeleri<\/em>\u2019nin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu sav\u0131 do\u011frulamaktad\u0131r. Ve bu bak\u0131r ve maden i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011finden olacak ki, Eski Yunanlar i\u015f\u00e7ileri koruyan mitolojik tanr\u0131\u00e7alar\u0131 Atena <\/strong>i\u00e7in, \u201c\u0130\u015f\u00e7i Atena<\/strong>\u201d anlam\u0131nda \u201cErgane Atena<\/strong>\u201d demi\u015flerdir. (Ya\u015far Atan, Akdeniz Tanr\u0131lar\u0131, Evrensel Bas\u0131m Yay\u0131n, s. 83-91<\/em>.<\/em>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n Asl\u0131nda maden, ate\u015f, demir i\u015fli\u011fi ve i\u015f\u00e7i s\u00f6zc\u00fckleri Ergani\u2019nin i\u00e7inde yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 co\u011frafyaya hi\u00e7 yabanc\u0131 s\u00f6zc\u00fckler de\u011fil. T\u00fcm veriler tarihte madencili\u011fe ilk olarak \u00c7ay\u00f6n\u00fc\/ <\/strong>Qoteber\u00e7em (Diyarbak\u0131r-Ergani), Newala \u00c7ori (Urfa-Hilvan), \u00c7em\u00ea Xalan (Batman) ve \u00e7evresinde ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Tarih\u00ee g\u00fczellikteki arkeolojik buluntular <\/strong>bunun en \u00f6nemli kan\u0131tt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tarih\u00ee zenginli\u011fi bereketli olan ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bu co\u011frafyan\u0131n k\u0131ymetini bilelim, tarihimize sahip \u00e7\u0131kal\u0131m ve sahtek\u00e2r tarih\u00e7ilerin tarihimizi ink\u00e2r edi\u015flerine, karartmalar\u0131na seyirci kalmayal\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bunlar\u0131 yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda ba\u015fkalar\u0131 ya tarihimize sahip \u00e7\u0131kar ya da \u00e7arp\u0131t\u0131r. Sayg\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n 2 Haziran 2018 tarihinde ve sonras\u0131nda<\/strong><\/em>: Ve daha \u00f6nce: <\/p>\n\n\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Madencili\u011fin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131n\u0131, geli\u015fimini, sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ele almak i\u00e7in tarihin ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7indeki d\u00f6neme\u00e7lerden birini se\u00e7memiz gerekiyor. En uygun olarak 12000 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesini, yani Neolitik d\u00f6nemin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131n\u0131 alabiliriz. Ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z co\u011frafyan\u0131n tarihini bilmemiz a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bunun \u00f6nemli oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum. Yap\u0131lan arkeolojik kaz\u0131lar sonucu; Diyarbak\u0131r-Ergani\u2019de bulunan \u00c7ay\u00f6n\u00fc\/ Qoteber\u00e7em yerle\u015fimi M\u00d6. 7500-5000, Urfa-Hilvan\u2019da bulunan Newala \u00c7ori yerle\u015fimi M\u00d6. 9000-7500, Batman\u2019daki \u00c7em\u00ea Xalan yerle\u015fimi M\u00d6. 10600-10000 y\u0131llar\u0131na tarihlenmektedir. Bu yerle\u015fimler Neolitik d\u00f6nemin en iyi ve en erken temsilcileridir. Ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle, bu yerler, uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Neolitik d\u00f6nemde\/Ta\u015f \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda ilk \u00f6nce bu co\u011frafyada ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n en iyi kan\u0131tlar\u0131d\u0131r. Yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak 12000 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesi ile 5000 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesi aras\u0131nda Mezopotamya\u2019n\u0131n y\u00fckseli\u015fi Za\u011fros<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1064],"tags":[1195,1194,1189,896,900,115,1188,1187,904,129,1193,1191,1192,888,1186,895,889,409,899,617,1190,1196,1185],"class_list":["post-4358","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tarih","tag-akdeniz-tanrilari","tag-arghini","tag-bir-el-kitabi-kurtler","tag-cayonu-2","tag-ceme-xalan","tag-diyarbakir","tag-doz-yayinlari","tag-dunyada-madenciligin-ilk-baslangic-noktasi","tag-ergane-atena","tag-ergani","tag-ergani-bakir-maden-isletmeleri","tag-erganibakir","tag-halet-cambel","tag-isci-atena","tag-kuzey-mezopotamya","tag-maden","tag-mehrdad-r-izady","tag-mezopotamya","tag-newala-cori-2","tag-qotebercem","tag-veli-sevin","tag-yasar-atan","tag-zagros"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4358","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4358"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4358\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8302,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4358\/revisions\/8302"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4358"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4358"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4358"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
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yay\u0131mland\u0131.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n
20 Haziran 2007 tarihinde http:\/\/www.madenliyiz.biz sitesinde,
17 A\u011fustos 2007 tarihinde Ergani Haber gazetesinde,
1 Nisan 2008 tarihinde Bilim ve Gelecek dergisinde
yay\u0131mland\u0131.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n