{"id":4110,"date":"2021-03-05T15:19:00","date_gmt":"2021-03-05T15:19:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/?p=4110"},"modified":"2023-04-23T12:19:19","modified_gmt":"2023-04-23T12:19:19","slug":"bir-istihbaratcinin-kaleminden-mezopotamyanin-isgali","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/?p=4110","title":{"rendered":"Bir \u0130stihbarat\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n Kaleminden Mezopotamya\u2019n\u0131n \u0130\u015fgali"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u201cdeki dicle\u2019ye ve f\u0131rat\u2019a
be\u015fikte uyuyana i\u00e7irdim topra\u011f\u0131n kan\u0131n\u0131\u201d<\/em> (M. O\u011fuz)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lgin\u00e7 ve \u00f6nemli bir kitaptan, Mezopotamya\u2019da 1915-1920 Sivil Y\u00f6netimi<\/strong> kitab\u0131ndan bahsetmek istiyorum. Kitab\u0131n yay\u0131n tarihi biraz eski, 2004 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yaba Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f. Kitab\u0131n ilgin\u00e7li\u011fi bir istihbarat\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n kaleme alm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131ndan, \u00f6nemi ise kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nem ve mek\u00e2ndan, anlat\u0131lan konulardan ve yazar\u0131n renkli ki\u015fili\u011finin yan\u0131nda Ortado\u011fu\u2019nun haritas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izen \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli akt\u00f6rlerden biri olu\u015fundan ileri geliyor. Bu nedenle kitaptan \u00f6nce yazar\u0131 tan\u0131mam\u0131z daha isabetli olur.<\/p>\n\n\n

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S\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc etti\u011fim kitab\u0131 Gertrude L. Bell kaleme alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir \u0130ngiliz yurtta\u015f\u0131 olan Gertrude L. Bell (1868-1926), ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 bir ailenin k\u0131z\u0131d\u0131r. Gen\u00e7 ve g\u00fczeldir. Zeki ve kurnazd\u0131r. Se\u00e7kin okullarda okumu\u015f, on parma\u011f\u0131nda on marifet olan bir arkeologdur. Ayn\u0131 zamanda tarih\u00e7i, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131, yazar ve istihbarat\u00e7\u0131d\u0131r. (Bazen erkek k\u0131yafetleri giyerek) \u0130ran, Mezopotamya, Arap \u00e7\u00f6lleri ve Anadolu\u2019yu ad\u0131m ad\u0131m gezmi\u015ftir. Bu gezilerinde Diyarbekir, Arghana (Ergani) ve Harput\u2019a kadar gelmi\u015ftir. 1909\u2019da Ergani\u2019de Meryem Ana Kilisesi\u2019nde Ermeni papaz\u0131yla kahve bile i\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Gitti\u011fi ve gezdi\u011fi yerlerde \u00e7ok\u00e7a foto\u011fraflar \u00e7ekmi\u015f, gezdi\u011fi yerlerin sosyal, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, ekonomik ve tarihi \u00f6zelliklerini g\u00fcnl\u00fcklerinde not etmi\u015f ya da yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 mektuplarda anlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1911\u2019de yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Amurath to Amurath<\/strong> (Murat\u2019tan Murat\u2019a) adl\u0131 eserinde Z\u00e2kh\u00f4 to Diy\u00e2rbekr-Diy\u00e2rbekr to Konia<\/em> (Zaho\u2019dan Diyarbak\u0131r\u2019a- Diyarbak\u0131r\u2019dan Konya\u2019ya) gezi g\u00fczerg\u00e2h\u0131nda kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaz\u0131 ve \u00e7ekti\u011fi foto\u011fraflar yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gertrude L. Bell, ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve gezileri ile Arap k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve kabilelerini \u00e7ok yak\u0131ndan tan\u0131m\u0131\u015f ve \u0130ngiliz Gizli Servisi Kahire B\u00fcrosu\u2019nda uzun y\u0131llar g\u00f6rev yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha sonra, Ba\u011fdat\u2019a \u00fcst d\u00fczey Komiser olarak atanm\u0131\u015f ve Irak s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7izilmesinde aktif rol alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Irak Kral\u0131 I. Faysal\u2019\u0131n dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015f, Ba\u011fdat\u2019ta Irak M\u00fczesi\u2019ni kurmu\u015ftur. 1926 y\u0131l\u0131nda aniden \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f ve Ba\u011fdat\u2019ta g\u00f6rkemli bir t\u00f6renle g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Nas\u0131l \u00f6ld\u00fc, \u00f6l\u00fcmden kimler sorumluydu, tarihin karanl\u0131klar\u0131nda unutturulmu\u015ftur. \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden \u00e7ok sonra, yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve gezilere ait bilgilerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 kendi ad\u0131na olu\u015fturulan bir Ar\u015fivde toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ar\u015fivde, yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131, mektuplar\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00e7ekti\u011fi foto\u011fraflar\u0131 bulmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. (\u0130lgi duyanlar web sitesine<\/a> bakabilir.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gertrude L. Bell \u00e7ok maharetlidir; 1916-1918 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Arap Ayaklanmas\u0131 ile Sina ve Filistin Cephesi gibi sava\u015flarda Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu h\u00e2kimiyetine kar\u015f\u0131 Araplar\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctleyen ve siyasi bir Pan-Arap birli\u011fi olu\u015fturmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ve modern Ortado\u011fu\u2019nun mimarlar\u0131ndan biri olan (Arabistanl\u0131) Thomas E. Lawrence\u2019nin ak\u0131l hocas\u0131 oldu\u011funu bile s\u00f6yleyenler vard\u0131r. Gezilerinde Arap a\u015firet \u015feyhlerine, liderlerine d\u00fcrb\u00fcn, foto\u011fraf makinesi veya \u00e7ok g\u00fczel s\u00fcslenmi\u015f tabancalar vererek g\u00f6n\u00fcllerini ho\u015f etmesini ve kendine ba\u011flamas\u0131n\u0131 bilen kurnaz bir \u00e7\u00f6l krali\u00e7esidir. Almanca bask\u0131s\u0131 yap\u0131lan bir kitab\u0131n\u0131n ismi Ich war eine Tochter Arabiens<\/strong>\u2019dir, yani: Ben Bir Arabistan K\u0131z\u0131yd\u0131m<\/strong>. Arabistan k\u0131z\u0131 ve \u00e7\u00f6l krali\u00e7esi hi\u00e7 de i\u00e7i bo\u015f benzetmeler de\u011fildir; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc y\u0131llar sonra \u00c7\u00f6l Krali\u00e7esi<\/strong> ad\u0131yla Gertrude L. Bell\u2019in hayat\u0131ndan belli kesitleri anlatan bir film \u00e7ekilmi\u015ftir. Filmi 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda ABD\u2019li y\u00f6netmen Werner Herzog \u00e7ekmi\u015f; Nicole Kidman, Robert Pattinson, James Franco gibi \u00fcnl\u00fc oyuncular filmde rol alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (arzu edenler \u00c7\u00f6l Krali\u00e7esi filmini internet ortam\u0131nda izleyebilir). Tabi filmdeki Gertrude L. Bell ile ger\u00e7ek Gertrude L. Bell aras\u0131nda muazzam bir fark vard\u0131r; istihbarat eleman\u0131 olma gibi \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi g\u00f6lgelenerek, kendi yaln\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6l\u00fcn sessizli\u011finde gidermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan macerac\u0131, a\u015fkta bahts\u0131z ve kederli, do\u011fa ve \u00e7\u00f6l sever, \u00d6mer Hayyam hayran\u0131, Araplar\u0131 seven sempatik bir tip var kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131zda. Ama filmin son sahnesindeki replik Mezopotamya i\u015fgali ger\u00e7e\u011fini \u00e7ok g\u00fczel anlat\u0131r. \u00c7\u00f6lde deve yar\u0131\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lmakta ve \u00e7ad\u0131rda Peygamber soyundan gelen Hicaz \u015eerifi H\u00fcseyin\u2019in o\u011fullar\u0131 Abdullah ve Faysal kollar\u0131nda \u015fahinleri oturmu\u015f yar\u0131\u015f\u0131 izlemektedirler. Gertrude L. Bell de \u00e7ad\u0131rda, yanlar\u0131ndad\u0131r. Konu\u015fma aras\u0131nda, \u201cYak\u0131nda kral olacaks\u0131n\u0131z\u201d der ve izin isteyip \u00e7ad\u0131rdan ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Abdullah Faysal\u2019a d\u00f6ner, \u201cKral olaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 nerden biliyor\u201d diye sorar. Faysal karde\u015fine: \u201cKrallar\u0131 kral yapan o,\u201d diye yan\u0131tlayarak ger\u00e7e\u011fi if\u015fa eder. (1921\u2019de Faysal Irak\u2019a, Abdullah \u00dcrd\u00fcn\u2019e kral olarak atanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.)<\/p>\n\n\n

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Gertrude L. Bell\u2019i tan\u0131tmaya noktay\u0131 koyup, \u015fimdi biraz da kitab\u0131n\u0131 anlatmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fay\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mezopotamya\u2019da 1915-1920 Sivil Y\u00f6netimi <\/strong>kitab\u0131 bir \u00fcst makama sunulan bir rapordur. Zamanlamas\u0131, i\u00e7eri\u011fi ve yazar\u0131n o g\u00fcnk\u00fc resmi pozisyonu bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli bir belge niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Saha \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na ve do\u011frudan yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlere dayanmaktad\u0131r. 1921\u2019de Kahire\u2019de toplanan konferans\u0131n da en \u00f6nemli referans kaynaklar\u0131ndan biri olmu\u015ftur. Kitab\u0131n giri\u015finde yer alan 3 Aral\u0131k 1920 tarihli \u0130ngiliz Kraliyet h\u00fck\u00fcmetine ba\u011fl\u0131 Hindistan Y\u00f6netim B\u00fcrosu\u2019nun sunu yaz\u0131s\u0131 eserin niteli\u011fini \u00e7ok iyi a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cBu eser Mezopotamya\u2019n\u0131n \u0130ngiliz i\u015fgalindeki d\u00f6nemi ve \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin Mezopotamya Mandas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 kabul etti\u011fi zaman\u0131, yani izleyen y\u0131l\u0131nda bir Arap h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin kurulu\u015funa kadarki \u0130ngiliz sivil y\u00f6netimini anlatmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kraliyet h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, bu g\u00fc\u00e7 zamana dair bir raporu, Vekil Sivil Komiser\u2019den istemi\u015ftir. Sivil Komiser bu raporu haz\u0131rlama i\u015fini Bayan Gertrude L. Bell\u2019e vermi\u015ftir.\u201d (s.7)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u0131sacas\u0131, Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Almanya\u2019n\u0131n yan\u0131nda sava\u015fa kat\u0131lan Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun yenilgisinin ard\u0131ndan, petrol\u00fcn g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve daha ba\u015fka nedenlerle \u0130ngiltere Kraliyet Ordusu’nun Mezopotamya\u2019y\u0131 i\u015fgali ve bu i\u015fgalle birlikte atanm\u0131\u015f Askeri Valilerin buyru\u011funda \u201cBa\u015f Siyasal Memur\u201dlara ba\u011fl\u0131 a\u015firetlerin lider veya \u015feyhlerinden olu\u015fturulan \u201cSivil Y\u00f6netim\u201d resmi bir a\u011f\u0131zdan anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Olu\u015fturulan hiyerar\u015fik Hindistan koloni modeli benzeri bu y\u00f6netim \u015f\u00f6yle tan\u0131mlan\u0131r: \u201cKurulan d\u00fczen uygulamada feodal bir d\u00fczendi. Her lider kendi a\u015firet h\u00fck\u00fcmetini do\u011fru y\u00f6netmekten sorumluydu. A\u015firet lideri kendini h\u00fck\u00fcmet memuru gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcyor, her \u015feyi ise \u0130ngiliz subaylar\u0131 kontrol ediyordu.\u201d (s.120)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mezopotamya\u2019n\u0131n i\u015fgali \u0130ngilizler i\u00e7in hayati bir sorundur, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc kendisine ba\u011fl\u0131 Hindistan\u2019\u0131n ve K\u00f6rfez\u2019deki petrol b\u00f6lgelerinin g\u00fcvenli\u011fi garantide olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Zaten \u00e7ok daha \u00f6nceden diplomatik, politik, bilimsel, askeri ve istihbarat kurumlar\u0131yla uzun zamandan beri b\u00f6lgeyle ilgileniyordu. Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 ile bu f\u0131rsat \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nca; \u0130ngiltere-Hindistan aras\u0131ndaki ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, Hindistan\u2019\u0131n Bol\u015fevik tehdidinden\/devriminden korunmas\u0131, petrol alanlar\u0131 ve ticari \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131n en az maliyetle g\u00fcvenceye al\u0131nmas\u0131, Mezopotamya\u2019n\u0131n geni\u015f topraklar\u0131ndan tah\u0131l gereksiniminin kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131, b\u00f6lgede bulunan kutsal mek\u00e2nlar\u0131n g\u00fcvenlik ve kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flaman\u0131n sayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan yararlanma, K\u00fcrtlerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 topraklar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7en Ba\u011fdat Demiryolu\u2019nu ve \u0130ran ile Avrupa aras\u0131ndaki ticari g\u00fczerg\u00e2h\u0131n kontrol alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131 gibi niyet ve gerek\u00e7elerle Mezopotamya i\u015fgalini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimi a\u015firete kar\u015f\u0131 a\u015firet, \u015feyhe kar\u015f\u0131 \u015feyh, a\u011faya kar\u015f\u0131 a\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kartarak, \u201cb\u00f6l ve y\u00f6net\u201d y\u00f6ntemini uygulay\u0131p Mezopotamya\u2019da y\u0131llarca h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc. \u0130ngilizler ise oyun i\u00e7inde oyun kurar: A\u015firetlerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul ederek ama farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 da \u00f6zenle koruyarak ya da daha fazla a\u015firetle\u015ftirerek ve biraz da pastadan sus pay\u0131 vererek y\u00f6netimlerinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olacak \u015fekilde kontrol alt\u0131na ald\u0131 ya da almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 ve \u0130ngiliz y\u00f6netimlerinin a\u015firetler \u00fczerinde uygulad\u0131klar\u0131 bu y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 politikalar\u0131n\u0131n bir sonucu olarak Arap ve K\u00fcrt a\u015firetleri kendi do\u011fal geli\u015fimi i\u00e7erisinde evrimle\u015fip birle\u015ferek bir Ulus olma \u00f6zelli\u011fini kazanamad\u0131: \u201cHer k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck lider, kendine \u00e7amurdan bir kule\u201d (s.48) yapt\u0131. Bunu f\u0131rsat bilerek, sava\u015f sonras\u0131nda \u0130ngiliz ve Frans\u0131z karar vericileri Araplar\u0131 \u00e7ok say\u0131da devlete b\u00f6lerek Arap Ulusal Birli\u011fi’ni par\u00e7alad\u0131. K\u00fcrdistan\u2019\u0131 ise K\u00fcrtlere hi\u00e7bir stat\u00fc tan\u0131madan b\u00f6l\u00fcp T\u00fcrkiye, \u0130ran, Irak ve Suriye aras\u0131nda pay ederek K\u00fcrt Ulusal Varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yok kabul edildi: K\u00fcrtlere ulus olarak \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131r bir darbe vuruldu. (Gertrude L. Bell yukar\u0131da an\u0131lan Almanca kitab\u0131nda: \u201cBen olduk\u00e7a fazla K\u00fcrdistan\u2019a a\u015f\u0131k oldum, \u00fclkeye ve insanlar\u0131na\u201d diye yazmaktad\u0131r (s.142). Demek ki K\u00fcrtleri yok kabul etme, K\u00fcrdistan a\u015fk\u0131n\u0131n \u0130ngiliz hali oluyor?)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mezopotamya\u2019da 1915-1920 Sivil Y\u00f6netimi<\/strong> kitab\u0131nda \u201cK\u00fcrt Sorunu\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda (s.115-145): K\u00fcrtleri temsil edecek siyasi birliklerinin\/ liderlerinin olmay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve da\u011f\u0131n\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda a\u015firetler aras\u0131ndaki k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131k, \u00e7ekememezlik ve d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131klar; K\u00fcrtlerin y\u00f6netilmez ve kural tan\u0131maz bir topluluk olu\u015fu; T\u00fcrkler, \u0130ngilizler ve ba\u015fkalar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik K\u00fcrtleri bir ara\u00e7 olarak kullanma istemleri; \u015eeyh Mahmut Berzenci\u2019nin S\u00fcleymaniye\u2019de K\u00fcrt y\u00f6netimini olu\u015fturma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, \u0130ngilizlerle \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve yenilgisi; Ermeni Katliam\u0131’n\u0131n faturas\u0131n\u0131n K\u00fcrtlere kesilmesi ve g\u00fcnah ke\u00e7isi yap\u0131larak H\u0131ristiyan d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda K\u00fcrtlere kar\u015f\u0131 olumsuz bir havan\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131na nas\u0131l neden oldu\u011fu gibi bir\u00e7ok mevzu bir \u0130ngiliz istihbarat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gertrude L. Bell, \u201cKendini ifade etme imk\u00e2n\u0131 buldu\u011fu t\u00fcm platformlarda Irak\u2019ta Musul\u2019u da i\u00e7ine alan bir Arap devletinin kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 savunmu\u015ftur. Kendisinden \u00f6nce ve sonra K\u00fcrtleri analiz eden t\u00fcm oryantalistler gibi \u00f6nce K\u00fcrtlerin misafirperverlik ve benzeri erdemlerini takdir etmi\u015f, hemen ard\u0131ndan K\u00fcrt Meselesi\u2019ni K\u00fcrtlerin b\u00f6lgedeki H\u0131ristiyan az\u0131nl\u0131klarla kurduklar\u0131 ili\u015fkiler \u00fczerinden okumu\u015ftur.\u201d Bell, \u201cK\u00fcrtlerin herhangi bir y\u00f6netim i\u00e7in \u00f6zel bir sorun olduklar\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00f6yle olmaya da devam edeceklerini belirtir. O da di\u011fer bir\u00e7ok meslekta\u015f\u0131 gibi K\u00fcrt\u2019\u00fcn en iyi anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 dilin \u015fiddet oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr. (…) \u015eeyh Mahmut\u2019un ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli sebeplerinden birinin de K\u00fcrt liderleri aras\u0131ndaki ki\u015fisel rekabet oldu\u011funu tespit eden Bell\u2019e g\u00f6re, K\u00fcrtlerin en \u00f6nemli eksikli\u011fi bir \u2018K\u00fcrt Faysal\u2019\u0131n olmamas\u0131yd\u0131.\u201d (Nihat Karademir, \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin K\u00fcrt Politikas\u0131 [1918-1932], s. 559-560, 562.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kitap bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak analitik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnenler i\u00e7in \u00f6\u011fretici. Y\u00f6netimin \u00d6rg\u00fctlenmesi\/ A\u015firetlerin Kontrol Alt\u0131na Al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve Ba\u011fdat\u2019\u0131n D\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne Kadar \u015eii Kentleri \u0130le \u0130li\u015fkiler\/ Ba\u011fdat D\u00fc\u015ft\u00fckten Sonra Arap ve K\u00fcrt A\u015firetleri \u0130le ve Kutsal Kentlerle \u0130li\u015fkilerimiz\/ Musul\u2019un Ele Ge\u00e7irilmesi\/ Adalet Y\u00f6netimi\/ E\u011fitim B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc, Asker Toplama ve B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, Bay\u0131nd\u0131rl\u0131k \u0130\u015fleri, Demiryollar\u0131, Finans ve Kurulu\u015f\/ Ulusal Hareket gibi konu ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131na bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda uygulanan politikalar\u0131n derinli\u011fini rahatl\u0131kla g\u00f6rebiliriz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kanl\u0131 topraklarda do\u011fru iz s\u00fcrmek \u00e7ok zordur. Do\u011fru iz s\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in Mezopotamya\u2019da 1915-1920 Sivil Y\u00f6netimi<\/strong> kitab\u0131n\u0131n; K\u00fcrtler, T\u00fcrkler ve Araplar Kuzey-Do\u011fu Irak\u2019ta Siyaset, Seyahat ve \u0130nceleme [1919-1925]<\/strong> (C. J. Edmonds, Avesta Yay\u0131nlar\u0131) ve \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin K\u00fcrt Politikas\u0131 [1918-1932]<\/strong> (Nihat Karademir, N\u00fbbihar Yay\u0131nlar\u0131) kitaplar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 okunmas\u0131nda fayda vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n

5 Mart 2021 tarihinde ve sonras\u0131nda:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.tigrishaber.com\/bir-istihbaratcinin-kaleminden-mezopotamyanin-isgali-i-4731yy.htm
https:\/\/www.tigrishaber.com\/bir-istihbaratcinin-kaleminden-mezopotamyanin-isgali-ii-4740yy.htm
https:\/\/www.gaphaberleri.com\/kose-yazisi\/798\/bir-istihbaratcinin-kaleminden-mezopotamyanin-isgali.html
https:\/\/www.ruhanews.com\/kose-yazisi\/560\/bir-istihbaratcinin-kaleminden-mezopotamyanin-isgali.html
https:\/\/www.3uncugoz.com\/bir-istihbaratcinin-kaleminden-mezopotamyanin-isgali\/
http:\/\/kovarabir.com\/muslum-uzulmez-bir-istihbaratcinin-kaleminden-mezopotamyanin-isgali\/
https:\/\/www.erganihaber.net\/haber\/8314\/bir-istihbaratcinin-kaleminden-mezopotamyanin-isgali.html<\/p>\n\n\n

arabistanl\u0131 lawrence<\/a>, <\/span>arap ayaklanmas\u0131<\/a>, <\/span>arap ulusal birli\u011fi<\/a>, <\/span>arghana<\/a>, <\/span>arkeoloji<\/a>, <\/span>a\u015firet<\/a>, <\/span>ba\u011fdat demiryolu<\/a>, <\/span>\u00e7\u00f6l krali\u00e7esi<\/a>, <\/span>diyarbak\u0131r<\/a>, <\/span>ergani<\/a>, <\/span>ermeni<\/a>, <\/span>gertrude bell<\/a>, <\/span>ich war eine tochter arabiens<\/a>, <\/span>ingiltere<\/a>, <\/span>istihbarat<\/a>, <\/span>kahire<\/a>, <\/span>koloni<\/a>, <\/span>k\u00fcrdistan<\/a>, <\/span>k\u00fcrt sorunu<\/a>, <\/span>k\u00fcrtler<\/a>, <\/span>meryem ana kilisesi<\/a>, <\/span>mezopotamya<\/a>, <\/span>mezopotamya'da 1915-1920 sivil y\u00f6netimi<\/a>, <\/span>osmanl\u0131 imparatorlu\u011fu<\/a>, <\/span>\u015feyh mahmut berzenci<\/a>, <\/span>thomas e. lawrence<\/a>, <\/span>werner herzog<\/a>, <\/span>yaba yay\u0131nlar\u0131<\/a><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u201cdeki dicle\u2019ye ve f\u0131rat\u2019abe\u015fikte uyuyana i\u00e7irdim topra\u011f\u0131n kan\u0131n\u0131\u201d (M. O\u011fuz) \u0130lgin\u00e7 ve \u00f6nemli bir kitaptan, Mezopotamya\u2019da 1915-1920 Sivil Y\u00f6netimi kitab\u0131ndan bahsetmek istiyorum. Kitab\u0131n yay\u0131n tarihi biraz eski, 2004 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yaba Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f. Kitab\u0131n ilgin\u00e7li\u011fi bir istihbarat\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n kaleme alm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131ndan, \u00f6nemi ise kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nem ve mek\u00e2ndan, anlat\u0131lan konulardan ve yazar\u0131n renkli ki\u015fili\u011finin yan\u0131nda Ortado\u011fu\u2019nun haritas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izen \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli akt\u00f6rlerden biri olu\u015fundan ileri geliyor. Bu nedenle kitaptan \u00f6nce yazar\u0131 tan\u0131mam\u0131z daha isabetli olur. S\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc etti\u011fim kitab\u0131 Gertrude L. Bell kaleme alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir \u0130ngiliz yurtta\u015f\u0131 olan Gertrude L. Bell (1868-1926), ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 bir ailenin k\u0131z\u0131d\u0131r. Gen\u00e7 ve g\u00fczeldir. Zeki ve kurnazd\u0131r. Se\u00e7kin okullarda<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[449,1064],"tags":[548,551,559,542,493,553,558,552,115,129,111,544,547,556,424,549,557,157,496,162,543,409,545,554,560,555,550,546],"class_list":["post-4110","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-inceleme","category-tarih","tag-arabistanli-lawrence","tag-arap-ayaklanmasi","tag-arap-ulusal-birligi","tag-arghana","tag-arkeoloji","tag-asiret","tag-bagdat-demiryolu","tag-col-kralicesi","tag-diyarbakir","tag-ergani","tag-ermeni","tag-gertrude-bell","tag-ich-war-eine-tochter-arabiens","tag-ingiltere","tag-istihbarat","tag-kahire","tag-koloni","tag-kurdistan","tag-kurt-sorunu","tag-kurtler","tag-meryem-ana-kilisesi","tag-mezopotamya","tag-mezopotamyada-1915-1920-sivil-yonetimi","tag-osmanli-imparatorlugu","tag-seyh-mahmut-berzenci","tag-thomas-e-lawrence","tag-werner-herzog","tag-yaba-yayinlari"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4110","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4110"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4110\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4113,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4110\/revisions\/4113"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4110"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4110"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4110"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}