{"id":3988,"date":"2022-09-08T18:41:00","date_gmt":"2022-09-08T18:41:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/?p=3988"},"modified":"2023-06-19T09:42:34","modified_gmt":"2023-06-19T09:42:34","slug":"utopya-distopya-ve-calisilmayan-bir-dunya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/?p=3988","title":{"rendered":"\u00dctopya, Distopya ve \u201c\u00c7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmayan Bir D\u00fcnya\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u00dctopya denilince akla hemen gelecek ilk isim Thomas More\u2019dir. More, Britanyal\u0131 bir h\u00fcmanist, hukuk\u00e7u ve devlet adam\u0131d\u0131r. 1516 y\u0131l\u0131nda yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00dctopya<\/strong> adl\u0131 eseriyle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve yaz\u0131n d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda \u00fctopyac\u0131 anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. Sonradan krala ters d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in ba\u015f\u0131 kesilerek cezaland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden 400 y\u0131l sonra Katolik Kilisesi taraf\u0131ndan aziz ilan edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More, \u00dctopya adl\u0131 eserini: Avrupa\u2019da R\u00f6nesans nedeniyle Aristoteles\u2019in yerini Platon\u2019un ald\u0131\u011f\u0131, insan\u0131n ve do\u011fan\u0131n incelendi\u011fi, co\u011frafi ke\u015fiflerin ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131; \u0130ngiltere\u2019de ise ticaret ve ticaret burjuvazisinin yeni yeni geli\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131, k\u00f6ylerden insanlar\u0131n y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar halinde kentlere dolu\u015ftu\u011fu, yoksullu\u011fun \u00e7ok yayg\u0131n oldu\u011fu bir d\u00f6nemde yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Zaman \u00e7ok k\u00f6t\u00fcd\u00fcr, umutsuzluk denizinde insanlar a\u00e7 ve \u00e7aresizdir. More b\u00f6yle bir zamanda insanlara hem umut ya\u015fatmak, hem de kurtulu\u015fun yolunu g\u00f6stermek amac\u0131yla inand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde \u00dctopya\u2019y\u0131 kaleme alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce tarihinde Platon\u2019un Devlet<\/strong>\u2019i bir siyasal \u00fctopya olarak kabul edilse de \u00fctopyan\u0131n fikir babas\u0131 Thomas More\u2019dir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dctopya hayali bir yerdir\/adad\u0131r. \u00dctopya denilen bu hayali adada adil bir y\u00f6netim vard\u0131r. Ada, sanki yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde bir cennettir. Herkes mutlu ve e\u015fittir. Bask\u0131 ve s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc yoktur. Herkesin i\u015fi, a\u015f\u0131, evi vard\u0131r. \u00c7ocuklar, ya\u015fl\u0131lar ve hastalar\u0131n haricinde herkes keyifle g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Her \u015fey herkese aittir. Para, \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet, art\u0131de\u011fer yoktur. Elmas ve de\u011ferli ta\u015flar misket ve be\u015fta\u015f oynas\u0131nlar diye \u00e7ocuklara verilir. Alt\u0131n de\u011fersizdir, tuvalet ta\u015f\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Su\u00e7 i\u015fleyip ceza alanlar madenlerde, kanalizasyon ve mezbahalarda hayvan kesim i\u015flerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Hapishane yoktur vs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dctopya\u2019n\u0131n yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131 etkisini k\u0131sa zamanda g\u00f6sterir. \u00dctopik sosyalist d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na ve ard\u0131ndan da \u00fctopya t\u00fcr\u00fc<\/em> diye nitelendirilen yeni bir edebi ak\u0131m\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131na neden olur. Pe\u015f pe\u015fe hakk\u0131nda kitaplar yaz\u0131l\u0131r ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yap\u0131l\u0131r. Bunlara benim de severek okudu\u011fum Lenin\u2019in \u201cd\u00f6nek<\/em>\u201d diye nitelendirdi\u011fi Karl Kautsky\u2019nin Thomas More ve \u00dctopyas\u0131<\/em><\/strong>(1)<\/sup> adl\u0131 eserini ve M\u00eena Urgan\u2019\u0131n \u201cThomas More\u2019un Ya\u015fam\u0131 ve Utopia\u2019n\u0131n \u0130ncelenmesi<\/em><\/strong>\u201dni(2)<\/sup> \u00f6rnek verebilirim. Sonraki y\u0131llarda \u00dctopya eserini ilham alan bir\u00e7ok \u00fctopya kitab\u0131 yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: Francis Bacon\u2019un Yeni Atlantis<\/strong> ve Tommaso Campanella\u2019n\u0131n G\u00fcne\u015f \u00dclkesi<\/strong> gibi…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dctopyalar Emek \u00c7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u015fafa\u011f\u0131nda yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Genel olarak \u015fimdiki zaman\u0131n k\u00f6t\u00fc oldu\u011funu ama gelecekte g\u00fczel g\u00fcnlerin bekledi\u011fi m\u00fcjdesi verilir. Teknolojinin insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n geli\u015fiminde ve refah\u0131nda katk\u0131s\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131 anlat\u0131l\u0131r. Ama insanlar\u0131n beklentileri ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmez. Burjuvazi geli\u015ftik\u00e7e egemenli\u011fini sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r, kapitalizm geli\u015ftik\u00e7e fabrikalarda makineleri yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131p otomasyona ge\u00e7ilir. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde ise proletarya diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, tek parti y\u00f6netimi ve elektri\u011fin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 sonucu makinele\u015fme d\u00f6nemi ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu geli\u015fmeler \u00fctopyalar\u0131n sonunu getirir. Emek \u00c7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131yla birlikte kar\u015f\u0131-\u00fctopyalar\/ distopyalar yaz\u0131lmaya ba\u015flan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Distopyan\u0131n piri de Sovyet yazar Yevgeni Zamyatin\u2019dir. Yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Biz<\/strong> roman\u0131yla distopya ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131, Aldous Huxley ve George Orwell\u2019in ilham kayna\u011f\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. ABD ve Bat\u0131\u2019da baz\u0131lar\u0131 bu eseri Stalin y\u00f6netimi ile ili\u015fkilendirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ama alakas\u0131 yok. Zamyatin eserini 1920\u2019de yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. O d\u00f6nem Lenin hem partinin hem Sovyet y\u00f6netiminin lideridir. Tro\u00e7ki sa\u011fd\u0131r ve K\u0131z\u0131l Ordu\u2019nun ba\u015f\u0131ndad\u0131r. Stalin ise s\u0131ras\u0131n\u0131 beklemektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zamyatin\u2019in ard\u0131ndan Aldous Huxley ABD\u2019de otomobil \u00fcreticisi Henry Ford\u2019u milat alarak, 1940 sonras\u0131 teknolojik geli\u015fme ve otomasyona ge\u00e7i\u015fin vahametini anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Cesur Yeni D\u00fcnya<\/strong>\u2019y\u0131 1932\u2019de; George Orwell ise 1945\u2019te Hayvan \u00c7iftli\u011fi<\/strong> ve 1949\u2019da Bin Dokuz Y\u00fcz Seksen D\u00f6rt<\/strong> gibi kitaplar\u0131 yazd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Distopyalar \u00fctopyan\u0131n aksine karamsar bir tablo \u00e7izer. \u015eimdiki zaman k\u00f6t\u00fcd\u00fcr, gelecek ise tam bir cehennemdir. Teknoloji, insanlar\u0131 prangaya vuran y\u00f6netimlerin hizmetinde ba\u015f belas\u0131d\u0131r. \u201c\u0130nsanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f makineler ve bir makine gibi kusursuz insanlar<\/em>\u201d(3)<\/sup> istenir. Herkes her yerde kontrol alt\u0131ndad\u0131r ve kurtulu\u015f umudu da yoktur. Zamyatin\u2019e g\u00f6re \u201cVelinimet<\/em>\u201d, George Orwell\u2019e g\u00f6reyse \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Birader<\/em>\u201d herkesi her yerde g\u00f6zetliyor, olaylar\u0131 istedikleri \u015fekilde kitlelere sunuyor ve inand\u0131r\u0131yor ya da inanmak zorunda b\u0131rak\u0131yor. Ve ayr\u0131ca distopyada direni\u015f, kurtulu\u015f umudu da yoktur. Her \u015fey kontrol alt\u0131ndad\u0131r, tam bir teslim olma hali s\u00f6z konusudur. Ama Zamyatin bu konuda di\u011ferlerinden biraz farkl\u0131d\u0131r, onda direni\u015f ve kurtulu\u015f i\u00e7in bir umut vard\u0131r: Devrim devrimi kovalamal\u0131, \u201cs\u00fcrekli devrim<\/em>\u201d ya\u015fanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Neticede yenilen devrimciler de\u011fil, sistemdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, yani Emek \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 sonras\u0131 yava\u015f yava\u015f olu\u015fmaya ba\u015flayan Tekno-\u00c7a\u011f<\/em>\u2019\u0131n \u015fafa\u011f\u0131nda \u00fctopya ve distopyan\u0131n karmas\u0131, yani sentezi \u201c\u00fcstopya<\/em>\u201d eserler yaz\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Margaret Atwood\u2019un Dam\u0131zl\u0131k K\u0131z\u0131n \u00d6yk\u00fcs\u00fc<\/strong> ve Ahitler<\/strong> romanlar\u0131 gibi. Ya da Ursula K. Le Guin\u2019in \u201c\u0130kircikli Bir \u00dctopya<\/em>\u201d diye sundu\u011fu M\u00fclks\u00fczler<\/strong> roman\u0131 gibi…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Benim b\u00f6yle durup dururken \u00fctopya, distopya konusuna de\u011finmeme \u00c7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmayan Bir D\u00fcnya<\/strong>(4)<\/sup> isimli kitap sebep oldu. Kitap isim olarak \u00fctopyay\u0131, i\u00e7erik olarak distopyay\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor, ama tekno-\u00fctopya<\/em> diyemedi\u011fim, farkl\u0131 bir \u015feyi, bizi bekleyen \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir sorunu kan\u0131tlar\u0131yla anlatmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Kitab\u0131 Daniel Susskind kaleme alm\u0131\u015f. Yazar, kitab\u0131nda gelecekte hayat\u0131n her alan\u0131nda insanlar\u0131n yapaca\u011f\u0131 i\u015fleri makinelerin yapaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131; bunun hemen bir g\u00fcnde, bir ayda ya da bir y\u0131lda de\u011fil, her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn daha da h\u0131zlanarak, a\u015famalardan ge\u00e7erek ger\u00e7ekle\u015fece\u011fini ve insanlar\u0131n elinde yapaca\u011f\u0131 bir i\u015fin kalmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Soru: Peki, her i\u015fi makineler yapacaksa insanlar ne yapacak?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir sonraki yaz\u0131mda Daniel Susskind\u2019in \u00c7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmayan Bir D\u00fcnya<\/strong> kitab\u0131n\u0131 ve bu soruya yazar\u0131n nas\u0131l bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00f6nerdi\u011fini anlatmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Dipnotlar:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1) Karl Kautsky, Thomas More ve \u00dctopyas\u0131, \u00c7ev: O\u011fuz \u00d6zg\u00fcl, Pencere Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2006, \u0130stanbul.
(2) Thomas More, Utopia, \u00c7ev: M\u00eena Urgan ve\u2026 , T. \u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131 K\u00fclt\u00fcr Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2010, \u0130stanbul.
(3) Yevgeni Zamyatin, Biz, \u00c7ev: F\u00fcsun T\u00fclek, Ayr\u0131nt\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2011, \u0130stanbul, s.81.
(4) Daniel Susskind, \u00c7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmayan Bir D\u00fcnya, \u00c7ev. Taner Gezer, TTGV Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2021, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n

8 Eyl\u00fcl 2022 tarihinde:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.tigrishaber.com\/utopya-distopya-ve-calisilmayan-bir-dunya-5916yy.htm
https:\/\/www.gaphaberleri.com\/kose-yazisi\/981\/utopya-distopya-ve-calisilmayan-bir-dunya-muslum-uzulmez.html
https:\/\/ruhanews.com\/kose-yazisi\/740\/utopya-distopya-ve-calisilmayan-bir-dunya-muslum-uzulmez.html
http:\/\/kovarabir.com\/muslum-uzulmez-utopya-distopya-ve-calisilmayan-bir-dunya\/
https:\/\/www.erganihaber.net\/kose-yazisi\/1416\/utopya-distopya-ve-calisilmayan-bir-dunya.html<\/p>\n\n\n

aldous huxley<\/a>, <\/span>devlet<\/a>, <\/span>distopya<\/a>, <\/span>francis bacon<\/a>, <\/span>george orwell<\/a>, <\/span>g\u00fcne\u015f \u00fclkesi<\/a>, <\/span>kautsky<\/a>, <\/span>lenin<\/a>, <\/span>margaret atwood<\/a>, <\/span>m\u00eena urgan<\/a>, <\/span>platon<\/a>, <\/span>thomas more<\/a>, <\/span>tommaso campanella<\/a>, <\/span>ursula k. le guin<\/a>, <\/span>\u00fctopya<\/a>, <\/span>yeni atlantis<\/a>, <\/span>zamyatin<\/a><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00dctopya denilince akla hemen gelecek ilk isim Thomas More\u2019dir. More, Britanyal\u0131 bir h\u00fcmanist, hukuk\u00e7u ve devlet adam\u0131d\u0131r. 1516 y\u0131l\u0131nda yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00dctopya adl\u0131 eseriyle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve yaz\u0131n d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda \u00fctopyac\u0131 anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. Sonradan krala ters d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in ba\u015f\u0131 kesilerek cezaland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden 400 y\u0131l sonra Katolik Kilisesi taraf\u0131ndan aziz ilan edilmi\u015ftir. More, \u00dctopya adl\u0131 eserini: Avrupa\u2019da R\u00f6nesans nedeniyle Aristoteles\u2019in yerini Platon\u2019un ald\u0131\u011f\u0131, insan\u0131n ve do\u011fan\u0131n incelendi\u011fi, co\u011frafi ke\u015fiflerin ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131; \u0130ngiltere\u2019de ise ticaret ve ticaret burjuvazisinin yeni yeni geli\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131, k\u00f6ylerden insanlar\u0131n y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar halinde kentlere dolu\u015ftu\u011fu, yoksullu\u011fun \u00e7ok yayg\u0131n oldu\u011fu bir d\u00f6nemde yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Zaman \u00e7ok k\u00f6t\u00fcd\u00fcr, umutsuzluk denizinde insanlar a\u00e7 ve<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3901,1197],"tags":[322,120,313,317,324,327,314,320,326,316,318,315,325,323,321,319,328],"class_list":["post-3988","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bilim","category-kultur","tag-aldous-huxley","tag-devlet","tag-distopya","tag-francis-bacon","tag-george-orwell","tag-gunes-ulkesi","tag-kautsky","tag-lenin","tag-margaret-atwood","tag-mina-urgan","tag-platon","tag-thomas-more","tag-tommaso-campanella","tag-ursula-k-le-guin","tag-utopya","tag-yeni-atlantis","tag-zamyatin"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3988","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3988"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3988\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3989,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3988\/revisions\/3989"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3988"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3988"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3988"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}