{"id":3960,"date":"2022-05-20T16:50:00","date_gmt":"2022-05-20T16:50:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/?p=3960"},"modified":"2023-06-19T09:42:51","modified_gmt":"2023-06-19T09:42:51","slug":"buyuk-guclerin-yukselis-ve-cokusleri-uzerine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/?p=3960","title":{"rendered":"B\u00fcy\u00fck G\u00fc\u00e7lerin Y\u00fckseli\u015f ve \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015fleri \u00dczerine"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Yak\u0131n zamanda politik ve stratejik derinli\u011fi olan ve \u00e7ok tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan, konu\u015fulan, haklar\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitli makaleler yaz\u0131lan baz\u0131 kitaplar\u0131 aral\u0131klarla okudum: Samuel P. Huntington\u2019un Medeniyetler \u00c7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong>, Francis Fukuyama\u2019n\u0131n Tarihin Sonu ve Son \u0130nsan<\/strong>, Thomas Friedman\u2019\u0131n K\u00fcreselle\u015fmenin Gelece\u011fi<\/strong> ve Paul Kennedy\u2019nin B\u00fcy\u00fck G\u00fc\u00e7lerin Y\u00fckseli\u015f ve \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015fleri<\/strong> gibi…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu kitaplar\u0131n ortak paydas\u0131, de\u011fi\u015fik pencerelerden d\u00fcnyadaki olaylara bak\u0131p gelece\u011fe dair \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclerinde farkl\u0131 tonlarda \u015feyler s\u00f6yleseler de, t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn Amerikan ya\u015fam tarz\u0131n\u0131, bak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 esas alarak kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paul Kennedy\u2019nin kitab\u0131 gerek yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015f tarihi ve gerekse s\u00f6ylemi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan di\u011ferlerinden farkl\u0131. Kitap, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi daha da\u011f\u0131lmadan, yakla\u015f\u0131k bir y\u0131l \u00f6nce yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Yazar \u0130spanyol, Frans\u0131z ve \u0130ngiliz imparatorluklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc inceledikten sonra kendince bir sonuca var\u0131r ve \u00e7ok tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lacak bir \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcde bulunur: G\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc a\u015fan s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7ti\u011fi i\u00e7in \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131n\u0131n ABD imparatorlu\u011funa gelmi\u015f oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler \u00f6rt\u00fck bir \u015fekilde.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thomas Friedman da, bu \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcye biraz ho\u015fnut olmayarak de\u011finmektedir: \u201cKennedy\u2019nin \u00f6rt\u00fck mesaj\u0131, So\u011fuk Sava\u015f\u2019\u0131n sona ermesinin sadece Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin sonu anlam\u0131na gelmeyip ayn\u0131 zamanda ABD\u2019nin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn habercisi oldu\u011fudur,\u201d diye yazar. Ve Kennedy\u2019nin \u201cgelece\u011fi kestirme \u00e7abas\u0131nda fazla ileri gitmi\u015f\u201d oldu\u011funu belirtir. (Thomas Friedman, K\u00fcreselle\u015fmenin Gelece\u011fi, s.19)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kennedy hari\u00e7, yukar\u0131da ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en di\u011fer yazarlar kitaplar\u0131n\u0131 \u2018Berlin Duvar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve SSCB\u2019nin da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan sonra yazm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r, ve hem de liberalizmin zaferini kutlar bir havada. Bu kitaplar\u0131n yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015flar\u0131 20 y\u0131l\u0131 \u00e7oktan a\u015ft\u0131 ama \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclenlerin \u00e7o\u011fu ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi. D\u00fcnya b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmedi\u011fi gibi, ekonomik, politik, askeri, diplomatik, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel sorunlar ve ayr\u0131l\u0131klar daha da artt\u0131. Yeniden so\u011fuk sava\u015f d\u00f6nemine d\u00f6n\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u00f6ylenmeye ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kennedy\u2019nin kitab\u0131 ise, dedi\u011fim gibi di\u011ferlerinden biraz farkl\u0131. Anti-Marks\u00e7\u0131 bir anlay\u0131\u015fla ve ABD\u2019nin bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla yazm\u0131\u015f olsa bile, stratejik derinli\u011fi olan ve baz\u0131 konular\u0131 daha iyi anlamada faydas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm bir kitap. Rusya-Ukrayna sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n, daha do\u011frusu Rusya-ABD sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n devam etti\u011fi, d\u00fcnya arenas\u0131nda s\u0131cak politik \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ve geli\u015fmelerin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6ylesi f\u0131rt\u0131nal\u0131 g\u00fcnlerde kitapla ilgili baz\u0131 bilgileri, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki geli\u015fmelerle \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fmesi nedeniyle payla\u015fman\u0131n iyi olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paul Kennedy, B\u00fcy\u00fck G\u00fc\u00e7lerin Y\u00fckseli\u015f ve \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015fleri\/ 1500\u2019den 2000\u2019e Ekonomik De\u011fi\u015fme ve Askeri \u00c7at\u0131\u015fmalar<\/strong>(*)<\/sup> kitab\u0131nda, Avrupa\u2019y\u0131 merkeze alarak, son be\u015fy\u00fcz y\u0131l\u0131n d\u00fcnya politikas\u0131 \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kapsaml\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmada, ekonomik g\u00fc\u00e7 ve askeri g\u00fc\u00e7 aras\u0131ndaki kritik ili\u015fki \u00fczerinde durup, bu ili\u015fkinin imparatorluklar\u0131n y\u00fckseli\u015fi ve \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015flerine olan etkisini ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor. Bir \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck G\u00fcc\u00fcn ekonomik y\u00fckseli\u015fi ve \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ile, \u00f6nemli bir asker\u00ee g\u00fc\u00e7 (ya da d\u00fcnya imparatorlu\u011fu) olarak geli\u015fimi ve gerilemesi aras\u0131nda uzun vadede \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131k bir ba\u011flant\u0131\u201d oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. (Kennedy, s.XV)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kennedy, 1500 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana, global ekonomik dengelerde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri de ele al\u0131yor. Kitab\u0131n ilgi oda\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ise, \u201culuslararas\u0131 sistem i\u00e7inde \u00f6nde gelen devletlerin her biri hem zengin hem kuvvetli olmak (ya da hem zengin hem kuvvetli olmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek) \u00fczere, varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc artt\u0131rmaya \u00e7abalarken, ekonomi ile strateji aras\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen etkile\u015fim\u201d olu\u015fturuyor. (Kennedy, s.VII)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1500-2000 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki d\u00f6nemde; \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck G\u00fc\u00e7lerden herhangi birinin zaferi ya da bir ba\u015fka B\u00fcy\u00fck G\u00fcc\u00fcn \u00e7\u00f6kmesi, \u00e7o\u011fu kez, sil\u00e2hl\u0131 kuvvetlerin uzun s\u00fcrelerle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sava\u015flar\u0131n sonucunda oldu; ancak bu, o devletin verimli ekonomik kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda daha az ya da daha \u00e7ok etkili bi\u00e7imde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ve daha arka planda, o devletin ekonomisinin, \u00f6b\u00fcr b\u00fcy\u00fck devletlere k\u0131yasla, as\u0131l \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmadan \u00f6nceki ony\u0131llar i\u00e7indeki y\u00fckseli\u015f ya da \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn de bir sonucudur. Bundan dolay\u0131, bir B\u00fcy\u00fck G\u00fcc\u00fcn durumunun bar\u0131\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda s\u00fcrekli olarak nas\u0131l de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fi, bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7in, sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda nas\u0131l \u00e7arp\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.\u201d (Kennedy, s.VII)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burada B\u00fcy\u00fck G\u00fc\u00e7le kastedilen; ekonomik, politik, askeri ve diplomatik y\u00f6nden d\u00fcnyan\u0131n kaderi \u00fczerinde etkisi olan ba\u015fakt\u00f6r durumundaki g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc devletlerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kennedy\u2019nin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 esas ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda B\u00fcy\u00fck G\u00fc\u00e7leri \u015f\u00f6yle s\u0131ralayabiliriz. 1914\u2019e gelinceye kadar B\u00fcy\u00fck G\u00fc\u00e7ler \u0130spanya, Hollanda, Avusturya-Macaristan \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, Fransa, Britanya, Almanya, Japonya ve \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya\u2019s\u0131yd\u0131. Birinci Payla\u015f\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131, yani 1914-1945 aras\u0131nda ise Almanya, Fransa, Britanya, Japonya, ABD, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ydi. \u0130kinci Payla\u015f\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131, yani 1945 sonras\u0131nda ibre sadece iki S\u00fcper G\u00fc\u00e7\u2019e, ABD ve SSCB\u2019ne kayd\u0131. 1970 sonras\u0131nda ise teknolojik, ekonomik, sosyal ve end\u00fcstriyel geli\u015fmenin sonucunda dipten gelen bir dalgayla \u00c7ok Kutuplu bir d\u00fcnya olu\u015ftu. Bu d\u00f6nemin B\u00fcy\u00fck G\u00fc\u00e7leri de ABD, SSCB, AET (Avrupa Birli\u011fi\u2019nin \u00f6nceki hali), Japonya ve \u00c7in oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kennedy, kitab\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir stratejik tespitte bulunuyor: \u201cBat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n 16. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ileri gitmesinden bu yana, B\u00fcy\u00fck G\u00fc\u00e7 sistemi i\u00e7inde ba\u015f\u0131 \u00e7eken \u00fclkelerin -\u0130spanya, Hollanda, Fransa, Britanya \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de Birle\u015fik Devletler gibi \u00fclkelerin- y\u00fckselmelerinin ve sonra da \u00e7\u00f6kmelerinin izledi\u011fi \u00e7izgi, \u00fcretim ve gelir sa\u011flama kapasiteleri ile asker\u00ee g\u00fc\u00e7ler aras\u0131nda daha uzun vadede \u00e7ok anlaml\u0131 bir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ili\u015fkinin var oldu\u011funu ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.\u201d (Kennedy, s.VIII)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kennedy, Asya toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n (\u00c7in, Japonya, Hindistan, Rusya, Osmanl\u0131 vs…) geri kalm\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve Avrupa toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fme ve y\u00fckselme nedenini de \u015f\u00f6yle a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r: \u201cad\u0131 ge\u00e7en do\u011fu imparatorluklar\u0131ndan baz\u0131lar\u0131 Avrupa ile k\u0131yasland\u0131klar\u0131nda ne kadar etkileyici ve d\u00fczenli g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrse g\u00f6r\u00fcns\u00fcnler, hepsi de yaln\u0131zca resm\u00ee devlet dini konusunda de\u011fil, ticar\u00ee etkinlikler ve silah geli\u015ftirilmesi gibi alanlarda da, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve uygulama birli\u011fi \u00fczerinde \u0131srar eden merkez\u00ee bir otoriteye sahip olman\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonu\u00e7lardan zarar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Avrupa\u2019da b\u00f6yle bir \u00fcst otoritenin bulunmay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve \u00e7e\u015fitli krall\u0131klar ile kent-devletleri aras\u0131ndaki kavgac\u0131 rekabetler, asker\u00ee alanda geli\u015fme sa\u011flamak \u00fczere s\u00fcrekli aray\u0131\u015flar i\u00e7in itici bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olu\u015fturmu\u015f, bu aray\u0131\u015flar ise, yar\u0131\u015fmac\u0131 ve giri\u015fimci bir \u00e7evre i\u00e7inde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan yeni teknolojik ilerlemelerle verimli bir etkile\u015fim i\u00e7ine girmi\u015ftir. De\u011fi\u015fme y\u00f6n\u00fcnde \u00f6nlerinde daha az engel bulunan Avrupa toplumlar\u0131, s\u00fcrekli olarak ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcme t\u0131rman\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7ine girerek asker\u00ee etkinliklerini artt\u0131rd\u0131lar; bu da onlar\u0131, zamanla, yerk\u00fcrenin \u00f6b\u00fcr b\u00f6lgelerinin \u00f6n\u00fcne\u201d ge\u00e7irdi. (Kennedy, s.IX)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ve 1914\u2019e gelindi\u011finde, Avrupal\u0131lar d\u00fcnya kara par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n %84\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc i\u015fgal etmi\u015f vaziyetteydi. (Kennedy, s.176) Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik ve Emperyalizm b\u00fct\u00fcn ha\u015fmetiyle d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00fczerine \u00e7ulland\u0131 ve Bat\u0131 Medeniyeti sava\u015f, soygun, s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc, g\u00f6zya\u015f\u0131, kan \u00fczerinde y\u00fckseldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130kinci Payla\u015f\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda; \u201cHiro\u015fima\u2019n\u0131n u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131m ile Berlin\u2019in K\u0131z\u0131l Ordunun eline d\u00fc\u015fmesi, yaln\u0131zca yeni bir sava\u015f\u0131n biti\u015fini simgelemiyor, d\u00fcnya meselelerinde yeni bir d\u00fczenin ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00f6steriyordu.\u201d (Kennedy, s.418) \u201cG\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fe bak\u0131l\u0131rsa, bir tek Birle\u015fik Devletler ve SSCB\u2019nin s\u00f6z\u00fc ge\u00e7iyordu; ve bunlar\u0131n ikisi aras\u0131nda, Amerikan \u2018s\u00fcperg\u00fc\u00e7\u2019\u00fc, \u00e7ok daha \u00fcst\u00fcnd\u00fc.\u201d (Kennedy, s.419) Sava\u015f sonras\u0131nda \u201cBirle\u015fik Devletler, B\u00fcy\u00fck G\u00fc\u00e7ler aras\u0131nda, sava\u015f y\u00fcz\u00fcnden yoksulla\u015fmak yerine zenginle\u015fen -asl\u0131nda \u00e7ok zenginle\u015fen- tek \u00fclkeydi. Sava\u015f\u0131n bitiminde Washington\u2019un elinde 20 milyar dolarl\u0131k alt\u0131n rezervi vard\u0131 ve bu, 33 milyar dolarl\u0131k d\u00fcnya toplam\u0131n\u0131n neredeyse \u00fc\u00e7te ikisiydi.\u201d (Kennedy, s.420)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck G\u00fc\u00e7leri tek tek ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, Kennedy\u2019nin anlat\u0131mlar\u0131na g\u00f6re, k\u0131saca: SSCB\u2019nin, askeri ve savunma harcamalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek olu\u015fu, teknolojik geli\u015fmenin yava\u015f olmas\u0131, verimlili\u011fin s\u00fcrekli d\u00fc\u015fmesi, b\u00fcrokratik yap\u0131n\u0131n katmerle\u015fmesi ve \u2018bilimsel sosyalizm\u2019in hayatla \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fmemesi gibi bir\u00e7ok \u00f6nemli sorununun bulundu\u011funu, ama g\u00fc\u00e7 kaybederek etkisini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrece\u011fini (Kennedy, k\u0131sa zamanda SSCB\u2019nin da\u011f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rememi\u015ftir); ABD\u2019nin, g\u00f6rece gerileme i\u00e7inde oldu\u011fu ama yine de bir numara oldu\u011funu; AET\u2019nin, do\u011fum oran\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrekli d\u00fc\u015fmesi ve koruyucu sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetlerinin geli\u015fmesi sonucu n\u00fcfusun ya\u015flanmas\u0131, \u00fcye \u00fclkelerin kendi aralar\u0131nda koordinasyon sorunu ya\u015famas\u0131 ve rekabetin olmas\u0131, ABD\u2019nin koruyucu \u015femsiyesi alt\u0131nda bulunmas\u0131n\u0131n getirdi\u011fi s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar, teknoloji ve verimlilik alan\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015fmelerin olmas\u0131 nedeniyle ciddi sorunlar\u0131 bulundu\u011fu; d\u00fcnya genelinde y\u00fckselen B\u00fcy\u00fck G\u00fc\u00e7 olarak da \u00c7in ve Japonya\u2019n\u0131n y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n parlak oldu\u011fu \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Politika ve diplomasi d\u00fcnyas\u0131 dinamiktir, hi\u00e7bir zaman d\u00fcz \u00e7izgiler izleyen bir d\u00fcnya olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kennedy\u2019nin kitab\u0131 yay\u0131mland\u0131ktan k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra B\u00fcy\u00fck G\u00fc\u00e7lerden AET, Avrupa Birli\u011fi\u2019ne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc; SSCB ise, da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131. Ard\u0131l\u0131 Rusya Federasyonu yak\u0131n zamanda, kan\u0131mca zaman\u0131n ruhunu iyi okuyamamadan, bile bile lades dercesine Ukrayna\u2019y\u0131 i\u015fgal ederek sava\u015fa girmeyle ABD\u2019nin tongas\u0131na d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u0130\u015fgal ve sava\u015f halen devam ediyor. Bu nedenle B\u00fcy\u00fck G\u00fc\u00e7ler aras\u0131nda \u015fimdi her zamankinden daha \u00e7ok, a\u00e7\u0131ktan ve \u00f6rt\u00fck bi\u00e7imde k\u0131yas\u0131ya m\u00fcthi\u015f bir m\u00fccadele s\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Rusya D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Sergey Lavrov yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir a\u00e7\u0131klamada, \u201c1917 ve 1991 gibi bir yol ayr\u0131m\u0131nday\u0131z\u201d demekle kritik bir durumla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya olduklar\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmi\u015f g\u00f6z\u00fck\u00fcyor. (Yak\u0131n Do\u011fu Haber\/15. 05. 2022)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck G\u00fc\u00e7lerde sava\u015f sonras\u0131 yeni bir de\u011fi\u015fim ya\u015fanacak gibi, g\u00fcnler \u00e7ok \u015feye gebe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n

(*) Paul Kennedy, T. \u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131 K\u00fclt\u00fcr Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u00c7ev: Birtane Karanak\u00e7\u0131, Ankara 1993.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n

20 May\u0131s 2022 tarihinde ve sonras\u0131nda:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.tigrishaber.com\/buyuk-guclerin-yukselis-ve-cokusleri-uzerine-5699yy.htm
https:\/\/ruhanews.com\/kose-yazisi\/701\/buyuk-guclerin-yukselis-ve-cokusleri-uzerine.html
https:\/\/www.gaphaberleri.com\/kose-yazisi\/946\/buyuk-guclerin-yukselis-ve-cokusleri-uzerine.html
https:\/\/www.erganihaber.net\/kose-yazisi\/1415\/buyuk-guclerin-yukselis-ve-cokusleri-uzerine.html
http:\/\/kovarabir.com\/muslum-uzulmez-buyuk-guclerin-yukselis-ve-cokusleri-uzerine\/<\/p>\n\n\n

abd<\/a>, <\/span>amerika<\/a>, <\/span>anti-marx<\/a>, <\/span>askeri<\/a>, <\/span>avrupa<\/a>, <\/span>bat\u0131<\/a>, <\/span>b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7lerin y\u00fckseli\u015f ve \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015fleri<\/a>, <\/span>ekonomi<\/a>, <\/span>emperyalizm<\/a>, <\/span>francis fukuyama<\/a>, <\/span>huntington<\/a>, <\/span>imparatorluk<\/a>, <\/span>k\u00fcreselle\u015fmenin gelece\u011fi<\/a>, <\/span>medeniyetler \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131<\/a>, <\/span>paul kennedy<\/a>, <\/span>politika<\/a>, <\/span>sava\u015f<\/a>, <\/span>so\u011fuk sava\u015f<\/a>, <\/span>s\u00f6m\u00fcrge<\/a>, <\/span>s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc<\/a>, <\/span>sovyetler birli\u011fi<\/a>, <\/span>sscb<\/a>, <\/span>tarihin sonu<\/a>, <\/span>thomas friedman<\/a><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Yak\u0131n zamanda politik ve stratejik derinli\u011fi olan ve \u00e7ok tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan, konu\u015fulan, haklar\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitli makaleler yaz\u0131lan baz\u0131 kitaplar\u0131 aral\u0131klarla okudum: Samuel P. Huntington\u2019un Medeniyetler \u00c7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, Francis Fukuyama\u2019n\u0131n Tarihin Sonu ve Son \u0130nsan, Thomas Friedman\u2019\u0131n K\u00fcreselle\u015fmenin Gelece\u011fi ve Paul Kennedy\u2019nin B\u00fcy\u00fck G\u00fc\u00e7lerin Y\u00fckseli\u015f ve \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015fleri gibi… Bu kitaplar\u0131n ortak paydas\u0131, de\u011fi\u015fik pencerelerden d\u00fcnyadaki olaylara bak\u0131p gelece\u011fe dair \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclerinde farkl\u0131 tonlarda \u015feyler s\u00f6yleseler de, t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn Amerikan ya\u015fam tarz\u0131n\u0131, bak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 esas alarak kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131. Paul Kennedy\u2019nin kitab\u0131 gerek yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015f tarihi ve gerekse s\u00f6ylemi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan di\u011ferlerinden farkl\u0131. Kitap, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi daha da\u011f\u0131lmadan, yakla\u015f\u0131k bir y\u0131l \u00f6nce yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Yazar \u0130spanyol, Frans\u0131z ve \u0130ngiliz<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3901],"tags":[187,257,262,263,197,261,258,198,265,256,253,260,185,254,259,193,264,190,267,266,102,104,255,189],"class_list":["post-3960","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bilim","tag-abd","tag-amerika","tag-anti-marx","tag-askeri","tag-avrupa","tag-bati","tag-buyuk-guclerin-yukselis-ve-cokusleri","tag-ekonomi","tag-emperyalizm","tag-francis-fukuyama","tag-huntington","tag-imparatorluk","tag-kuresellesmenin-gelecegi","tag-medeniyetler-catismasi","tag-paul-kennedy","tag-politika","tag-savas","tag-soguk-savas","tag-somurge","tag-somuru","tag-sovyetler-birligi","tag-sscb","tag-tarihin-sonu","tag-thomas-friedman"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3960","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3960"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3960\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3961,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3960\/revisions\/3961"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3960"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3960"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uzulmez.site\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3960"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}